Into to Chpt 7. Hammering out Federal Republic

Introduction

  • The role of ambassadors in shaping the early United States was significant but limited without direct involvement in the country's founding.

  • John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had differing visions for the nation, influenced by their experiences abroad.

  • A homework suggestion is offered: watch the HBO series "John Adams" to gain insights into this period.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams

  • Jefferson returned from his ambassadorship with new ideas different from Adams’ visions of governance.

  • Jefferson had a strong connection with John Adams; their friendship endured despite later political differences.

  • The HBO series portrays events leading to the establishment of the government and their contributions.

Washington's Cabinet

Formation

  • George Washington recognized his knowledge gaps and needed advisors.

  • Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State due to his extensive experience in Europe.

  • Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury and had ambitious economic plans.

  • The War Department was headed by Henry Knox, chosen for his military background.

  • Edmund Randolph was named the Attorney General, primary legal advisor to the President.

Importance of Advisors

  • Washington's choice of advisors reflects his leadership style, knowing his limitations and seeking expertise.

  • The dynamic between Hamilton and Jefferson highlighted emerging political factions.

The Judiciary Act of 1789

  • Establishment of the federal judiciary system as mandated by the Constitution's Article III.

  • Allowed for the existence of federal courts, including district and appellate courts.

  • Final authority was given to the Supreme Court, solidifying the judicial branch.

The Bill of Rights

Drafting and Ratification

  • James Madison originally proposed 19 amendments; Congress ratified 10, which became the Bill of Rights.

  • The First 10 Amendments were essential for protecting individual rights from government overreach.

Key Amendments Overview

  • First Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and petition.

  • Second Amendment: Right to bear arms, protecting citizens against governmental tyranny.

  • Third Amendment: Prohibits forced quartering of soldiers.

  • Fifth Amendment: Ensures due process and protection against self-incrimination.

  • Sixth Amendment: Right to a speedy and public trial.

  • Seventh Amendment: Right to trial by jury in civil cases.

  • Eighth Amendment: Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

  • Ninth Amendment: Explains that rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected.

  • Tenth Amendment: States that powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people.

Early Challenges in Governance

Economic Difficulties

  • The country faced economic turmoil; states suffered from destruction and debt post-Revolution.

  • Hamilton's financial strategy was pivotal for national credit restoration.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

  1. Bond Redemption: Hamilton proposed paying back bonds at face value to establish trust and credit.

    • This would compensate original bondholders fully, though it faced opposition.

  2. National Credit: Focusing on restoring the nation's credit was key to attracting investment and stabilizing the economy.

  3. Political Opposition: Jefferson and his supporters opposed Hamilton's plans, leading to early partisan conflicts.

Conclusion

  • Washington’s cabinet represented a formative government influenced by differing policies and personalities.

  • The establishment of the judiciary, the Bill of Rights, and economic strategies like Hamilton's were foundational in shaping the early United States.

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