Into to Chpt 7. Hammering out Federal Republic

Introduction

• The role of ambassadors in shaping the early United States was significant but limited without direct involvement in the country's founding.

• John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had differing visions for the nation, influenced by their experiences abroad.

• A homework suggestion is offered: watch the HBO series "John Adams" to gain insights into this period.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams

• Jefferson returned from his ambassadorship with new ideas different from Adams’ visions of governance.

• Jefferson had a strong connection with John Adams; their friendship endured despite later political differences.

• The HBO series portrays events leading to the establishment of the government and their contributions.

Washington's Cabinet

Formation

• George Washington recognized his knowledge gaps and needed advisors.

• Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State due to his extensive experience in Europe.

• Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury and had ambitious economic plans.

• The War Department was headed by Henry Knox, chosen for his military background.

• Edmund Randolph was named the Attorney General, primary legal advisor to the President.

Importance of Advisors

• Washington's choice of advisors reflects his leadership style, knowing his limitations and seeking expertise.

• The dynamic between Hamilton and Jefferson highlighted emerging political factions.

The Judiciary Act of 1789

• Establishment of the federal judiciary system as mandated by the Constitution's Article III.

• Allowed for the existence of federal courts, including district and appellate courts.

• Final authority was given to the Supreme Court, solidifying the judicial branch.

The Bill of Rights

Drafting and Ratification

• James Madison originally proposed 19 amendments; Congress ratified 10, which became the Bill of Rights.

• The First 10 Amendments were essential for protecting individual rights from government overreach.

Key Amendments Overview

• First Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and petition.

• Second Amendment: Right to bear arms, protecting citizens against governmental tyranny.

• Third Amendment: Prohibits forced quartering of soldiers.

• Fifth Amendment: Ensures due process and protection against self-incrimination.

• Sixth Amendment: Right to a speedy and public trial.

• Seventh Amendment: Right to trial by jury in civil cases.

• Eighth Amendment: Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

• Ninth Amendment: Explains that rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected.

• Tenth Amendment: States that powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people.

Early Challenges in Governance

Economic Difficulties

• The country faced economic turmoil; states suffered from destruction and debt post-Revolution.

• Hamilton's financial strategy was pivotal for national credit restoration.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

1. Bond Redemption: Hamilton proposed paying back bonds at face value to establish trust and credit.

   • This would compensate original bondholders fully, though it faced opposition.

2. National Credit: Focusing on restoring the nation's credit was key to attracting investment and stabilizing the economy.

3. Political Opposition: Jefferson and his supporters opposed Hamilton's plans, leading to early partisan conflicts.

Conclusion

• Washington’s cabinet represented a formative government influenced by differing policies and personalities.

• The establishment of the judiciary, the Bill of Rights, and economic strategies like Hamilton's were foundational in shaping the early United States.