History Finals Review

Communist - Far left, aims for a stateless, classless society with common ownership of the means of production and resources. It envisions a society where wealth is shared

Radical - willing to use violence, middle left, similar ideas as communism, more modern

Liberal - peaceful left, shares ideas with radicals and communists

Moderate - neutral beliefs, middle of spectrum

conservative - peaceful right, holds traditional values, restore the past

Reactionary - willing to use violence to restore the past, shares ideas with fascism

Fascist - far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology characterized by a dictatorial leader, a centralized autocracy, militarism, and the suppression of opposition

agricultural revolution - significant changes, leading to increased food production and transformations in societies and economies, started in Great Britian due to geographic reasons

Industrial revolution - major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change that began in the late 18th century, characterized by the shift from agrarian and handicraft economies to those dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.

adam smith - "father of economics" and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Beyond economics, Smith also made significant contributions to moral philosophy

Karl Marx - father of communism

Capitalism - economic system where private individuals or businesses own capital goods

socialism - aiming for a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources. It contrasts with capitalism

utilitarianism - actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority

marxism - a socioeconomic and political philosophy developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

social Darwinism - the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals

White man’s burden - purported duty of white people to "civilize" other, supposedly less advanced, peoples, particularly those of non-white populations.

Sepoy rebellion - a large-scale rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company in 1857-1859

Flashcard #1
Term: Berlin Conference
Definition: Meeting of European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.

Flashcard #2
Term: Scramble for Africa
Definition: The rush of European powers to colonize and claim territories in Africa during the late 19th century.

Flashcard #3
Term: Opium War
Definition: Wars fought between China and Britain (and later France) over the trade of opium in China.

Flashcard #4
Term: Extraterritorial Rights
Definition: Rights granted to foreign nationals to be exempt from local laws in another country.

Flashcard #5
Term: Taiping Rebellion
Definition: A large-scale rebellion in China against the Qing dynasty, driven by religious and socio-economic factors.

Flashcard #6
Term: Open Door Policy
Definition: Policy advocating equal trading rights for all nations in China, initiated by the United States.

Flashcard #7
Term: Boxer Rebellion
Definition: Anti-foreign uprising in China aimed at expelling foreigners and ending foreign influence.

Flashcard #8
Term: Treaty of Kanagawa
Definition: Treaty between the United States and Japan that opened Japanese ports to American trade.

Flashcard #9
Term: Meiji Era
Definition: Period of modernization and reform in Japan, aimed at adopting Western technologies and institutions.

Flashcard #10
Term: Russo-Japanese War
Definition: War between Russia and Japan, resulting in a Japanese victory and highlighting Japan's rising power.

Flashcard #11
Term: Annexation of Korea
Definition: The forceful incorporation of Korea into the Japanese Empire.

Flashcard #12
Term: Militarism
Definition: The principle or policy of maintaining a large military establishment.

Flashcard #13
Term: Alliance Systems
Definition: A system in which nations form alliances to support each other in case of conflict.

Flashcard #14
Term: Nationalism
Definition: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

Flashcard #15
Term: Trench Warfare
Definition: A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Flashcard #16
Term: Total War
Definition: A war in which all resources of a nation are devoted to the war effort.

Flashcard #17
Term: Eastern Front
Definition: The zone of conflict in Eastern Europe during World War I and World War II.

Flashcard #18
Term: Western Front
Definition: The zone of conflict in Western Europe during World War I, characterized by trench warfare.

Flashcard #19
Term: Atlantic Front
Definition: Naval battles and military operations in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II.

Flashcard #20
Term: Middle Eastern Front
Definition: The theater of conflict in the Middle East during World War I.

Flashcard #21
Term: US Entry in WWII
Definition: The entry of the United States into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Flashcard #22
Term: 14 Points
Definition: A statement of principles for peace that was used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I.

Flashcard #23
Term: Treaty of Versailles
Definition: The peace treaty that officially ended World War I.

Flashcard #1
Term: Bloody Sunday
Definition: Massacre of peaceful protesters in Russia, 1905.

Flashcard #2
Term: March Revolution
Definition: First stage of the Russian Revolution, leading to the Tsar's abdication.

Flashcard #3
Term: Bolshevik Revolution
Definition: Seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in Russia, 1917.

Flashcard #4
Term: Russian Civil War
Definition: Conflict between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and their opponents (Whites) in Russia.

Flashcard #5
Term: Reds vs Whites
Definition: Bolsheviks (communists) vs. counter-revolutionaries in Russian Civil War.

Flashcard #6
Term: Five Year Plans
Definition: Soviet economic plans to rapidly industrialize the USSR.

Flashcard #7
Term: Collectivization
Definition: Forced consolidation of individual farms into collective farms in the USSR.

Flashcard #8
Term: Purges
Definition: Systematic elimination of political opponents in the Soviet Union.

Flashcard #9
Term: Kulaks
Definition: Wealthy peasants in the Soviet Union who resisted collectivization.

Flashcard #10
Term: Surrealism
Definition: Artistic and literary movement that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind

Flashcard #11
Term: Nazism
Definition: Far-right, racist political ideology of Adolf Hitler.

Flashcard #12
Term: Third Reich
Definition: Nazi Germany.

Flashcard #13
Term: Meiji Era
Definition: Period of modernization and reform in Japan (1868-1912).

Flashcard #14
Term: Treaty of Kanagawa
Definition: Treaty that opened Japanese ports to American trade.

Flashcard #15
Term: Weimar Republic
Definition: German government after WWI, known for hyperinflation and instability.

Flashcard #16
Term: Anschluss
Definition: Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany.

Flashcard #17
Term: Final Solution
Definition: Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people.

Flashcard #18
Term: Midway
Definition: Naval battle in the Pacific that was a turning point in WWII.

Flashcard #19
Term: MacArthur
Definition: Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Pacific during WWII, oversaw the occupation of Japan.

Flashcard #20
Term: Battle of Britain
Definition: Aerial battle between the German Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force in 1940.

Flashcard #21
Term: Truman Doctrine
Definition: U.S. policy of providing aid to countries resisting communism.

Flashcard #22
Term: Space Race
Definition: Competition between the US and USSR to achieve superior spaceflight capability.

Flashcard #23
Term: Glasnost
Definition: Soviet policy of openness and transparency under Gorbachev.

Flashcard #24
Term: Warsaw Pact
Definition: Military alliance of communist states in Eastern Europe led by the Soviet Union.

Flashcard #25
Term: Perestroika
Definition: Soviet policy of economic restructuring under Gorbachev.

Flashcard #26
Term: Gorbachev
Definition: Last leader of the Soviet Union.

Flashcard #27
Term: Yeltsin
Definition: First President of the Russian Federation.

Flashcard #28
Term: Marshall Plan
Definition: U.S. plan to provide economic aid to Europe after WWII.

Flashcard #29
Term: Détente
Definition: Easing of tensions between the US and USSR during the Cold War.

Flashcard #30
Term: SALT Treaty
Definition: Agreements between the US and USSR to limit nuclear weapons.

Flashcard #1
Term: Great Leap Forward
Definition: Economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (1958 to 1962) which aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization.

Flashcard #2
Term: Kuomintang
Definition: The Chinese Nationalist Party, founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912.

Flashcard #3
Term: Treaty of Nanjing
Definition: peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–42) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China.

Flashcard #4
Term: Cultural Revolution
Definition: A sociopolitical movement that took place in China from 1966 to 1976.

Flashcard #5
Term: Jiang Jieshi
Definition: Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975

Flashcard #6
Term: Tiananmen Square
Definition: Student-led demonstrations in Beijing in 1989 that called for democracy, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press in China.

Flashcard #7
Term: Four Modernizations
Definition: were economic reforms enacted in China starting in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping in an attempt to modernize and stimulate the economy.

Flashcard #8
Term: Qing Dynasty
Definition: The last imperial dynasty of China (1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries.

Flashcard #9
Term: Communes
Definition: collective farms where many people worked and lived together

Flashcard #10
Term: Red Guards
Definition: A student-led paramilitary social movement mobilized and guided by chairman Mao Zedong

Flashcard #11
Term: Deng Xiaoping
Definition: Chinese politician who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 until his retirement in 1992.

Flashcard #12
Term: Sun Yixian
Definition: Chinese physician, writer, philosopher, calligrapher and revolutionary, the first president and founding father of the Republic of China.

Flashcard #13
Term: Long March
Definition: A military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army.