Electric-Charge-Insulators-Conductors

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  • Title: 12th Grade Electric Charge, Conductors & Insulators

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  • Learning Objectives:

    • Identify the two types of charges: positive and negative.

    • Predict charge distributions and the resulting attraction or repulsion in a system of charged insulators and conductors.

    • Explain how charging by rubbing and charging by induction takes place.

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  • Introduction to Electricity

    • Explains the fundamental concepts of electricity.

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  • Electrostatics:

    • Static electricity refers to electricity at rest produced by an imbalance of electrical charges.

    • The term "electricity" derives from the Greek word "elektron," meaning amber, which can generate static electricity when rubbed with cloth.

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  • Famous Contributors in Electricity:

    • Benjamin Franklin: Conducted famous experiments with kites in thunderstorms, proving lightning is a form of electricity.

    • Classified charges as positive or negative.

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  • Famous Contributors in Electricity (cont'd):

    • Benjamin Franklin: Invented the lightning rod, which helped prevent structural fires by diverting lightning strikes.

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  • Famous Contributors in Electricity (cont'd):

    • J.J. Thomson: Discovered the electron in 1897 by studying cathode rays (radiation emitted by low-pressure gas under voltage).

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  • Famous Contributors in Electricity (cont'd):

    • Ernest Rutherford: Discovered protons, which are positively charged particles.

    • Electric charges are measured in coulombs (C).

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  • Electric Charge and Structure of the Atom:

    • Atoms consist of three subatomic particles:

      • Electrons

      • Protons

      • Neutrons

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  • Electric Charge:

    • Electrons carry a negative electric charge; protons carry a positive electric charge.

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  • Interaction of Charges:

    • Electric charges produce electrical forces.

    • Unlike charges attract each other.

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  • Interaction of Charges (cont'd):

    • Like charges repel each other.

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  • Interaction of Charges (cont'd):

    • Electric forces are reinforced by similar charge behavior—like charges repel.

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  • Charge Separation:

    • Occurs when an external charged sphere is placed near a neutral sphere, causing a distribution of charges.

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  • Conductors and Insulators - What Are Conductors?

    • Electrical conductors allow electricity to flow with ease.

    • Examples: Metals, humans, and earth—explains electric shocks.

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  • Examples of Conductors:

    • Graphite, human body, and earth.

    • Common metal conductors:

      • Copper

      • Gold

      • Iron

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  • What Are Insulators?

    • Insulators hinder free electron flow.

    • Common examples include:

      • Plastic

      • Wood

      • Glass

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  • Differences Between Conductors and Insulators:

    • Conductors:

      • Allow electricity and heat to pass through.

      • Examples: Silver, aluminum, iron.

      • Electrons move freely within the material.

      • Electric field present on the surface.

    • Insulators:

      • Do not permit heat or electricity to pass.

      • Examples: Paper, wood, rubber.

      • Electrons do not move freely.

      • No internal electric field.

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  • Methods of Charging - Net Charge:

    • An object's net charge is the sum of its electrons and protons, categorized as:

      • Neutral

      • Negatively charged

      • Positively charged

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  • Charging by Friction:

    • Involves electron transfer when two objects are rubbed against each other.

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  • Charging by Conduction:

    • Also known as charging by contact, it occurs when a charged object touches a conductor.

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  • Charging by Induction:

    • Charging an uncharged object by bringing it close to a charged object without direct physical contact.

12th Grade Electric Charge, Conductors & Insulators

Learning Objectives:

  • Identify positive and negative charges.

  • Predict charge distributions and resulting forces in charged systems.

  • Explain charging methods: rubbing and induction.

Introduction to Electricity:

  • Fundamental concepts of electricity.

Electrostatics:

  • Static electricity is created by an imbalance of charges, derived from the Greek "elektron" (amber).

Famous Contributors:

  • Benjamin Franklin: Proved lightning is electricity; classified charges; invented the lightning rod.

  • J.J. Thomson: Discovered the electron in 1897.

  • Ernest Rutherford: Discovered protons; measured electric charge in coulombs (C).

Electric Charge and Structure:

  • Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons carry negative charge, protons carry positive charge.

Interaction of Charges:

  • Unlike charges attract; like charges repel. Electrical forces arise from charge interactions.

Charge Separation:

  • Occurs when a charged sphere affects a neutral sphere’s charge distribution.

Conductors and Insulators:

  • Conductors: Allow electricity flow (e.g., metals like copper, gold, and iron).

  • Insulators: Hinder electron flow (e.g., plastic, wood, glass).

  • Conductors have free-moving electrons; insulators do not.

Methods of Charging:

  • Net Charge: Sum of electrons and protons classifies objects as neutral, negatively charged, or positively charged.

  • Charging Methods:

    • By Friction: Electron transfer by rubbing.

    • By Conduction: Touching a charged object.

    • By Induction: Charging without direct contact.

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