Chapter 22- Primates

• Arboreal: living in trees

• Brachiation: Swinging from limb to limb in trees

• Prehensile tail: one that can be used like an arm or leg for grasping and holding on

• Quadrupedal movement: moving on all four limbs

• Stereoscopic vision: seeing an object at the same time with both eyes in the same plane with slightly different perspective gives depth perception, width, height, etc.

Objective One

• Reconstruct the cladogram for primate evolution; name and give examples of the three suborders of primates; distinguish among anthropoids, hominoids, and hominins

Primate Cladogram

• Three suborders

  • Prosimii

  • Trarsiiformes

  • Anthropodiea

• Humans and humanoid ancestors are Hominins

  

Objective 2

• Describe locomotion in hominoids (remembering/understanding)

• Hominoid Locomotion

  • Brachiation (gibbons and organutans)

    • swinging from limb to limb

    • tree dwellers

      • ex: monkey bars

  • Knuckle walking (chimpanzees and gorillas)

    • use arms to assist in quadrupedal waling

  • Upright (hominini including current humans)

    • humans

Objective 3

• Describe the skeletal and skull difference between apes and hominini

Skeletal differences between humans and gorillas

• Toe alignment

  • Humans- first toe aligned and not opposable

  • Gorillas- first toe not aligned and is opposable

• Pelvis

  • Humans- short, broad

  • Gorillas- long, oval

• Vertebral column

  • Humans- base of skull

  • Gorillas- long, oval

• Foramen magnum

  • Humans- 4 curves

  • Gorillas- one simple curve

• Jaw

  • Humans- u-shaped

  • Gorillas- rectangular

• Pronounced facial feature

  • human-chin

  • gorillas- supraorbital ridge

Objective 4

• List and describe differences between Old World and New World monkeys

Comparision of Old World and New World Monkeys

• Tail

  • OW- no prehensile tail

  • NW- prehensile tail

• Nose

  • OW- narrow, with downward nostrils

  • NW- flat, widespread nostrils

• Terrestrial vs aboreal

  • OW- both

  • NW- arboreal

• Quadrupedal movement

  • OW- yes

  • NW- new

Objective 5

• Understand that there were many species in the hominoid line and that at time more than one species simultaneously. Name the three most recent species of hominids