K

Final Exam Notes

Feudalism

  • this was the main structure of society in the middle ages after the fall of the Carolingian World

  • The Landowner would give the land to the vassal for a promise of something in return → money, loyalty (called a fife)

    • the landowner would also be judge and jury of anything that may have happen

  • THE CHURCH IS POWERFUL → has a lot of land as they were given by Charlemagne and was written into the law that it can not be taken away

    • This could lead to a lot of different ways that the Church could become corrupted → also with the people trying to get the Church as a Vassal as then they could control some decisions → CHURCH WAS VERY INFUENCAL

  • There was no vertical stability and no vertical mobility → made people mad later which would lead to the heresy of:

    • Albigenianism: Mostly the rejection of material world goes back to the GNOSTICS → this is one of the things that the Inquisition was trying to root out (12-13C)

Simony/Nepotism

  • THIS WAS A CONSQUENCE OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM AND THE FALL OF THE CAROLINGIAN WORLD/son after the death → between nobles and descendants → NOT AS MUCH UNITY

      • there was a power struggle which would result in the collapse as there is new invaders → Islam and Vikings 2ND REASON

      • LEADS to DUCHIES (local Leaders)

  • Church is absorbed into this system which leads to Simony and Nepotism and Lay Investiture → THERE WAS A LOT OF CORRUPTION

    • as there was a lot of money involved in this AND THERE WERE THEN TEMPORAL DUTIES AND SPIRITUAL

      • Simony: the buying and selling of the Church Positions

      • Nepotism: when you have children to hand down your money and power (Large problem when it comes to CLERGY CELIBACY (Greg VII)

      • Lay Investiture: a lay person invest somebody else with a church position (they are appointing someone who is a religious leader) → leads to the Church losing control of the Mission in the area

  • Corruption in the Church when it comes to Papal Office and Feudalism

  1. Political → some church leaders want to maintain temporal control and wealth

  2. Jealous → there is both in the Church and outside of the Church which means that there would be a power struggle

  3. Invasions → the Church need protection again as there is a collapse in the Carolingian Empire

  • This all leads to the temporal people stepping into the religious roles → TEMPORAL leaders which leads to CLUNY

Cluny (Started in the 900, 10C) THE POPE AT THE TIME IS GREGORY VII

  • This is a monastic reform in the Church → VERY IMPORTANT AS IT SHOWS THAT PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS STEP IN FOR A CHANGE IN THE CHURCH FOR THE BETTER (MOVEMENT OUT OF CHAO)

  • There is a local ruler who appoints a very strict Abbot to a Monastery (CLUNY)

  • they would do this to correct the religious aspect → full lead to the following of the Rule of St. Benedict very strictly and would lean more on prayer though

  • ENFORCES CLERGY CELIBACY → leads to a norm as it started with the Monks but then they would expand to the Papacy → THIS IS HOW THE NEPOTISM WOULD BE TREATED WITH/FOR AS THIS WOULD CUT OUT ALL THE CHILDREN

    • The big thing he did was to connect the monastery with the Church from Rome so this kind of takes the Church out of the Feudal System → NOT INFLENCE ON THE BISHOPS AND ABBOTS FROM PEOPLE WOULD WANT TO CONTROL THEM

  • This then created a web of connect monasteries to make sure that none of them became corrupt

  • THIS IS HOW THEY WOULD THEN DEAL WITH MONASTERIES FROM NOW ON

Summary

  1. Spirituality

    1. There is a strict “rule” that they all followed → they would focus on virtues and holiness more

    2. There then became more of prayer then work → had to hire outside people

    3. Renewed commitment to the Chastity and Celibacy → this become a mastery of the body which would lead to a resistance of temptations → FULLY TAKES OUT NEPOATISM

    4. Made simony illegal and focused on purity

  2. Inspiration

    1. There is a lot of of expansion of this idea → there is a desire for the Church more but it is still not universal as there are a lot of different ways in the Eastern too → FOCUS IN THE WEST

    2. This answers TO Rome directly as they were trying to avoid Feudalism → PULLED OUT

    3. Created much more influential roles → monks turned into the Bishops or even popes

  3. Problem?

    1. The holiness is what is thought to be only in the Monastery → SEPERATION OF ORDAINED AND NOT

    2. Thus the lay people have a very passive role in this religion → THEY ARE JUST RECEIVING THE RELIGION

    3. There is still a problem with the wealth as there is a lot of money given to the Church as a support

There then became a a series of pope that were weak but they moved out of it from the reform and monastic reform

Lay Investiture

Lay Investiture: a lay person invest somebody else with a church position (they are appointing someone who is a religious leader) → leads to the Church losing control of the Mission in the area, The main Emperors that were problematic were OTTO I (962), OTTO III (996), and HENRY IV and appointing popes (1070s to 1080s → main one)

ISSUE POINT NUMBER 1

Otto The great (OTTO I) → he was very close with the church and had to defend both the state and the church in Germany → they were very split in different sections

HE WAS CROWNED the leader of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope → HAD A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP

There was then still a papal influence on temporal leaders yet it was different then Charlemagne as Otto I was very into EMPIRE BUILDING AND NOT THE MISSION OF THE CHURCH

There was main influences over the Church:

  1. The Lay Investiture → there was then a taken way from the Church CHANGE POSSIBLE MISSION → takes power away from Bishops → UNITY IS BROKEN

    1. Church is in many regions which means that Church leader is in control and not the Pope

    2. they are Money making machines so they would have to make sure that the leader is for the mission and not political (like the lay people would want)

  2. Assertion over property church and Church money → they have a lot of money and power

ISSSUE POINT NUMBER 2

With OTTO III → he has a lot of influence over Papal appointment (to much)

Wanted to elect the Pope →

  • tried and worked as there was no real cardinal meeting to elect the pope

  • he did appointed a smart and religious person yet they were very close (both the 2 Popes)

    • he appointed his friend Silvester II but he was actually good for the Church even though people thought he could be a political pawn

      • Otto wanted a central power over the Church

This just shows that there is still a very difficult blurry line between temporal concerns and Church affairs → who deals with what and can the state appoint Bishops and Popes? NO, Leo IX started the change in this Church reform

CHURCH REFORM THAT HAPPENED AFTER THIS

There was an extended of reforms to the Papacy which followed Cluny → LEAD BY LEO IX

There was a great focus on simony and celibacy

ISSUE NUMBER 3

This was mainly the Lay Investiture → try to figure out who was appoint the Bishops because there is a lot of political power that comes with this → problem? who gets to appoint them?

  • Church → Apostolic Succession

  • State → Secular rulers which wanted to appoint political rulers

ISSUE NUMBER 4

Next was the German Emperor at the time (Fredrick I, Barbarossa, 1152 -1190)

  • He thought that he was appointed emperor directly from God → wanted to control the full Roman Empire which means that he would control the Pape states thus controlling the Pope and Church → FULLY IGNORED THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS as he wanted to appoint Bishops

  • He tried to get Rome but kept getting beat somehow (disease…)

    • before there were legates which would try to get him to stop but he did not

  • After he then fully back as Italy did not really like him

  • CHURCH PREVAIL AND THIS IS A GREAT CHURCH TIME

Charlemagne

  • He is the grandson of Charles Martel, son of Pepin

  • he was the most important leader of the Franks → LEADS TO THE REBIRTH OF THE HRE and UNIFICATION OF EUROPE MORE

  • he acts in the best interest of the Church (very devote Catholic and he was using that to unify the empire) → CHURCH IS THE MESH OF SOCIETY

    • the state is working for the Church as they are equally respected and acknowledged → MANY OF THE COURTS HAD RELIGIOUS FIGURES WOULD LEAD TO LATER DIFFERENT EMPERORS PROBLEMS AS THE CHURCH HAD A LOT OF POWER (Feudal system)

    • Make sures to have good religious education

  • He was known to interfere with the Church but really only in the best interest

    • Pope crowns him emperor → leads to more EAST V WEST AS THERE IS ALREADY AN EMPEROR (800, on Christmas)

Great Schism 1054

Starts with emerging differences

Areas of Difference

East Perspective

West Perspective

Jurisdiction of the Church

leaders over the church, the geographical regions each have a patriarch → all have the same power

universal church, the west leader have the relationships but the pope is still leader of all → CONTROL OF THE CHURCH

Statue of Bishop of Rome

he is influential and respected but just anther patriarch (not the father of fathers) → DOES NOT HAVE THE VETO VOTE, just another bishop

is responsible of Rome but primary BISHOP OF ALL BISHOPS → THERE IS PRIMACY (final authority and is the leader of the universal Church, not just the West)

Relationship of Church and State

Caesaropapism: the church is a function of the state → emperor is the leader

Pope has judication over all church and the line was kind of unclear as the state delt with state stuff but there was some overlap that could be confusing

Relationship of Religious and laity

very detached and not really together

very close relationship especially when incomes to being with the monastic communities that were still very influence

Also is because of the Filioque and the Photian Schism and many theological differences but the ultimatum is the primacy of the Pope → there was an extreme anti-Western sentiment in the East so at the end there is a mutual excommunication

  • becomes the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church → everyone though the schism were going to be temporary

Also there were some very temperamental men (cardinal Humbert)

This turned into a mutal excommunication from both church

PEOPLE DID NOT THINK THAT THIS WAS GOING TO LAST THOUGH

Filioque 589 (LOCAL COUNCIL IN TELEDO SPAIN)

  • This was the controversy over the addition to the creed: “and the Son” (the original creed stopped before it) → was in the West

    • they did not think that they were changing anything but just clarifying something because of aranisms starting again → just though that there was nothing new and then it just become a practice (in Visigoth)

    • EAST DID NOT AGREE → they thought it was a full change to the Creed and thought that Rome and the West was overstepping so they did not accept it → this just adds to the list of dramas that was happening

Photian Schism(857-867)

  • Patriarch refuses to accept Photius who was appointed by the new Emperor with out the consent of the Pope after the old emperor died → he was not even a bishop but just wanted someone loyal → SHOULD HAVE BEEN IGANTIUS

  • Pope sends Legate which then are turned to the emperors side and says its fine → is excommunicated → Ignatius is the true one

  • Was briefly Ignatius as the emperor changed and supported what the church though Photius was then reappointed by the next guy and excommunicated the west because of all the funny games

  • There was also the Bulgarism that was then converted to the Latin version which split them even farther then what would have been

  • The Photian Schism in the late 800s set the stage for the eventual split but didn’t lead to an immediate formal division because imperial politics, the role of the pope, and theological differences were still being worked out.

Pope St. Gregory VII (1073-1085) and Dictatus Papae

Started the Gregorian Revolution → which started the standards of the Church and what the mission and independence should be → TRIED TO CENTERALIZE THE CHURCH

  • he was a Cluniac monk and people liked in as he was very interested in reform and wanted a strong unified church → he had the “right” stuff

  • He wrote the Dictatus Papae: 4 main points to clarify the Church’s role and is very harsh to show that he means business

  1. only the Pope can call a council

  2. It is up to the Pope to have a final authority to define statements of Belief

  3. ONLY THE POPE CAN APPOINT AND REMOVE BISHOPS (DELT WITH LAY INVESTITURE)

  4. has influence over temporal rulers → he can remove them on a moral ground

  • He was the Father of Canon law → which was a response and an attempt to change the state that the Church was in at the time

  • Had many legate sent out to try to deal with Simony and Celibacy

HE WROTE THE DICTATUS PAPAE → in around 1070s → this was an attempt to try to get a control around lay investiture which mainly needed to show that Pope should be the only on that should be appointing Bishops and then showed the Role of the Pope → He tried to have the ability to secure the independence of the Church and separate the powers

Emp. Henry IV

One of the Main Problems when it comes to Lay investiture

  • There was a debate about who would have the final say when it comes to Bishops and things that the Church is affected by

    • Greg VII says the Pope has final say as the Pope is the one to crown the Emperor so he has the final say as Pope when it comes to things that affect Church affairs

  • Emp. tried to appoint bishop and ignores everything that Greg says but Gregory VII acts against it it and the Usurps Henry and excommunicates him

  • They then have a fight, kidnaps, excommunication, Henry IV loses a lot of supports

    • He exiles the Pope and the Pope dies there then he appoints his own Pope with out doing it properly → this is an anti-Pope

Pope Innocent III

He was the height of Papal Power → Supremacy

  • he was the best example of altering authority with him and his successors which will remain independent

    • This then protects the Church and Christendom

    • THE KINGS BECOME SPIRITUAL VASSALS

  • Used the term “Vicar of Christ” which was the exact role of Peter and is trying to remain the leader of the Church

    • Moon and Sun → Jesus is the sun and the moon is Pope as they are just reflecting the power that they have

  • Shows that there is a absolute authority over spiritual matter which means that they have total control over spiritual affairs which counter balances the state and the Church which means that the Church is independent with moral things

    • allows for the maintenance of European balance of Power

    • THERE IS STRICT CRITICISM OF MOARL ACTIONS OF RULERS

      • they are informed by excommunication and interdicts

  • Shows that this is how the proper leaders of the church should act and this style is what is necessary at the time where they want to try to de independent

  • CALLED THE 4th CRUSADE → which was suppose to go to Egypt but ended up in the sacking of Constantinople which would fully spilt the East and West as they did not have enough money to pay for boats in Venice → THIS WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE CHURCH TO GO TO CONSANTINOPLE and never go to Egypt

    • this would be a further trigger to the decline of Byzantium, Palestine WAS LOST IN 1291 and there was a very diminished Enthusiasm

Crusades

Reasons: FOR THE 1st CRUSADE

  1. Defense of the Byzantium Empire as there was a very real and serious threat from the Selijk Turks (END GAME WAS TO DEFENCE AND TRY TO DECREASE THE SPREAD)

  2. They wanted to reclaim the Holy Land as they wanted to be allowed for Religious pilgrimages, this was to be reconciled (END GAME)

    1. Also the Crusaders though that this was a religious pilgrimage of their own

  3. There was city that were being raided by the Turks and also Islamic Forces

ALL TOGETHER SHOWS THAT THERE IS A VERY BIG ISSUE WITH ISLAM FEAR SO MOVE AGAINST THEM

Who was a Crusader?

  • nobility and wealthy as this was very costly to do

  • There was a positive effect on the European Society

    • there was a growth in the feudal system and there was a reunion of Europe under one common threat → this was temporary though

What they did?

  • they had scattered groups that they were attacking so some against Jews (on the walk to Constantinople)

  • 1st meet in Constantinople and all the Western military as the expedition was a very popular movement

  • Successfully sacked Jerusalem and they took no resources and they had the Christian state established in Palestine → THEY HAD A INDEPENDENT KINGDOM, many crusader just went home afterwards but they had to keep some as there would be counter attacks

  • INITALLY SUCCESSFUL AND DISUNIFIED THE TURKS

Success

  • They had to rule over various people but they did not persecute Muslims nor have forced conversions

    • there was a large sharing a cultures and faiths yet very few permanent settlers

  • the territory was always under attack which means that there was a movement of soldiers and pilgrims

  • Established a central authority

  • THIS WAS VERY SHORT LIVED THOUGH

4th Crusade → under Innocent the III

Military Orders

they rose out of the need to protect the Holy Land and Pilgrims but THEY ALSO LIE A MONASTIC LIFE

3 types:

  1. Knights Templar → helped protect pilgrims, in Jerusalem and have a good banking system started (would get a lot of money)

  2. Knights Hospitallers → they would care for sick pilgrims and are the medics, they were in Jerusalem and Malta

  3. Teutonic Knights → in Germany and helped with the Christian expansion to Eastern Europe and helped with pilgrims coming from Russia

EFFECT, CRITICISM AND OUTCOMES OF THE CRUSADES

Relationship with Byzantium

  • there was a potential for the healing of the schism but this would die after the 4th crusade as the east and west fully split as the west attacked Constantinople

  • the western armies were seen as a threat as they were not very close

There was some less violent crusades that were lead by St. Francis of Assisi, he attempted to convert people from the Holy land

OTHER OUTCOMES

  • The holy land was lost to the Muslims at the end but they did have the ability to temporally halt the expansion of the Muslims

  • Allowed for more Christian Unity

    • pilgrimages are allowed again

  • there was an increase of knowledge, ideas, writing, lands, culture, money trade, and missionary expeditions as there was an opening of the world to the western world so there was many new views and religions

    • there was a new way of thinking that was introduced

  • There was then a slow sharing of the faith with the east and MISSIONARY TRIPS

Inquisition

  • This was an attempt for the Church to get ride of Heresy

  • This allow for people to have repentance but got very out of hand when the STATE came in

  • This means that the state would then kill the people on the stack instead of the Church

  • The new main Heresy was ALBGENSIANISM

    • this was very similar to the Gnostic Heresy (material things are very bad and that you killing yourself was a good think)

    • this means that society and the work was rejected

    • this attracted people who was critical of the view of wealth

    • they would be rejecting the state as there was a lot of money when it came to the state (this is also the heresy that was a big option for Dominicans)

  • Pope Gregory IX would have a very stringent process that would make sure that only the heretic were actually properly convicted

  • There was more control in the MEDIVIAL ONE WITH THE INQUISTORS which would allow for the Church to be much more in control

  • SPANISH INQUISITION WAS MUCH MORE CONTROLLED FROM THE STATE → SHOWS THE DECREASE IN INFLUENCE

    • had a lot more corruption and was abused by the state to have more unity → this was used only in Spain (RECONQUISTA, wanted unity under one religion so to give the ability to be fully UNITY → what the state really wanted) → This then quickly became a state mission

    • Even the Pope tried to call it off but not one was listening

    • The methods of their inquisition was very much the normal and only became a public out cry in modern times

Scholasticism

  • A way of thinking that the Church used for a long time in the 1000-1300

  • Showed that there was no contradictions between Reason and Faith because God is the source of both → there is not Church doctrine that would separate the science and religion as long as it is though of in the correct way

  • This gave a very systematic approach to how we though about things and revelation

  • THIS WAS THE UNITY BETWEEN PLATO AND FAITH

  • This was a much more balanced

Francis of Assis

  • He got very sick and then decided to become a more holy man

  • His father did not like this and wanted him to do something more

  • he then focused more on prayer and would spend time caring for the poor (money and anything else)

  • he was moved by the Gospel to start to preach and he claim to have God call him to do what he should

HE STARTED THIS ORDER THEN TO RESPOND TO THE PROBLEM WITH ALBENANTISM AND HOW WORLDLY PRIESTS WERE GETTING WHEN IT CAME TO SHARING THE GOSPEL

  • Other men started to join and have one simple rule which was to live the Gospel of Poverty

  • He went to the Pope to get approval (Shows still very much respected) → this revealed that he did want to have the order be proper

  • The Pope was very suspicious about these types of organizations

  • His main idea was for everyone to live in Peace

  • They started to build a large movement

  • FOCUED A LOT ON THE EUCHARIST

  • they were concerned about the ability of the Church to be corrupt as there was a lot of money and priests were becoming corrupt so they stayed detached

  • HE Joined to become a missionary in the Fifth Crusade which allowed him to preach to both Muslims and Crusaders to try to get the Muslims to covert (the didn’t but there was a lot of respected gained by the Muslim leader (the Sultan))

  • then passed on to the successor and died 2 years later (he had stigmata)

  • THEY ARE NOT ORDAINED

  • This gave them a good chance to grow very fast but there was a large problem as they did not own any property so they figured out that the Church could own it for them and they live in it

  • this allow for them to solely depended on the Pope and there was not Financial Temptation (allowed them to focus on their own work)

Dominicans

  • Started by St. Domenic and was a travelling Priest that was part of a monastic order and wanted to change the methods that they would be converting people

  • He really focused on the Albigensian as they were very against the Church as they looked too rich → would go out to then and become poor and detached which got them to listen more

  • HE WAS FOCUSED ON BECOMING EDUCATED AS PREACHERS so to deal with heretical preaching the best that they could → allowed for people to properly fight against heresy

  • They were very good at what they do → became Instrumental to win public debates

  • They also sought approval from Rome which gave the Pope more respect and they were then started to become inhouse theologians at the Vatican as they were educated so well

  • they were inspired by poverty of St. Francis and would always do it in pairs and they very very authentic and were able to preach the gospel very well

  • WAS VERY INTO THE ROSARY

  • He was encouraged by Mary in a vision

  • This was the poor mans prayers as it was simple for someone to pray it as it was very repetitive and people did want to do this as they did not have access to the psalms (this is what the monastics did)

  • Doms were not as popular as the Francs

Why do we care about this orders?

  • this order gave us an ability to fill a need for society that was not being met by the church

  • Much of the clergy was distracted by worldly affairs and the people wanted more (MONEY, POLITICS, OR WAS JUST UNEDUCATED)

  • this gave an ability to the Populus to seek out a authentic life

  • allowed people to focus on the same thing like the Eucharist and education and the rosary

  • They also rose in the ranks and allowed the church to stay focused the mission

Avignon Papacy Story (Moved in 1309 and was many years before started though)

  • 1200 ended and they did not have a pope

  • There were rival factions with different thought about what kind of pope is needed so there was almost a 3 year dead lock as they could not decide

  • Faction 1: experience in the world and can handle temporal problems very well

  • Faction 2: traditional and very holy

  • Finally came to a decision on the elderly hermit CELESTINE V (he was not very good and overwhelm which means that he was easily swayed) → DECISED TO RESIGN (this was unprecedented as as people do not resign so he could be set up as an anti-pope though as he is an legit pope)

  • this lead to a new vacant papacy and there was another 1-2 years

  • This lead to a very earthly and political shift

  • and there was also a lost of unity as there was not one leader

  • States started to step into church leader positions

  • Finally settled on BONIFACE VIII → was very focused on the political side but also was very good to try to get the independence of the Church back

Fight with Philip IV

  • He tried to get peace between France and England and very good on the political side

  • he tried to used the top method down which would allow for them to get the leader then convert the people

  • There was a great fight to become independent as Philip wanted much of the land and money that the Church had so he could fight England and wanted more control over the Church

  • Boniface said no and wrote CLERICIS LACIO which talked about how much authority the Pope should have and how the state is not allowed to tax the Church as they were not a vassal to the state

  • Philip responded by not allowing any of any of the French Cardinals to leave and started to control where they go and how they can communicate with Pope (AND THE MONEY)

  • He wanted to take the money from the Church as it was a void papacy and now he has someone which is fighting back

  • because of what he did to the Cardinals he would the win the revenue battle

  • Philip then wants to assert more authority

  • BVIII then publishes UNUM SACTUM which means that everyone is subjected to papal control and angers Philip more

  • Philip condemns and kidnaps BVIII then embarrasses him and injures him then finally lets him go but then he died of illnesses that he got when he was kidnapped

WHY CARE?

  • This is a good example of state control over the Church and how the church has lost a lot of influence and independence

  • This shows that the papacy would not want to be controlled

  • how people are not listening anymore about the bulls that are published

  • shows that the state has more control

The Move

  • there was an excessive influence in France in the Church as there were so many French Cardinals

  • They voted in someone who was very close to Philip CLEMENT V

  • Philip wanted Boniface called a heretic and the 2 bulls erased (not good as that could be done to him to and shows just how weak the papacy is)

  • Philip also wants money so Clement gives him the Knights Templar

  • He offered for the papacy to be move as France can protect them (which means that it has decreased from a Universal Church)

  • The Papacy then lost all independence and started to decline which in the Church

  • this made many of the people that were not French very anti-papal as they would see a French monopoly

Nationalization and 100 Years War

  • The church did not have a great central authority so the States decided to step in and wanted their control over their churches

  • this then started a much bigger nationalization of church and there was more power to the state

  • There were many new English Laws that were the seed for the Anglican Church

  • This gave the church a lot more polarized as some people did not like all the French control

    • GALLICNAISM: the French term that is to restrict papal control of the church can have the state control over it and to almost replace it with Church nationalism

    • This was supported by Defensor Pancis which was the first though that there should be secular ruler over the church in the west

Outline

Church and State development

  1. Christendom Era

    1. Charlemagne

    2. Urban II → Crusades

    3. Gregory VII → Henry IV

    4. Innocent III → Lots of Power

  2. Start of Control

    1. Avagion Papacy

      1. States needing a solution for the Western Schism

    2. Nationalize over religion

    3. 100 Year War (Joan of Arc → religion symbol)

    4. Peace Of Augsburg (lead into the enlightenment)

    5. Wars of Religion

  3. Enlightenment Era Thinking (no more religion)

    1. Emerges from part of War of religion because of how much you are being imposed on

    2. Philophses

    3. Votire

Papacy

  1. Central Role

    1. Uniting factor fact that Jesus left one factor

      1. Calling Council

      2. Power of Pope (Greg VII)

      3. Pope can b the spokes person and person to lean on

      4. Interdicts and Excommunication → good with using it (POPE GIVEN LOT OF MORAL AUTHORITY)

    2. apostolic succession

  2. Good Impacts of Various Popes

    1. spreading Gospel

    2. focus on mission

    3. tries to become independent

    4. influence → when not corrupt the serve as a beaker for good

    5. Innocent III (and Greg the Great (Role of Pope, Temporal Role) and Paul III (REFORMS ??????, Slavery, make sure you do it properly)

  3. Bad Impact of Various Pope

    1. becomes dependent on the State or even become corrupt

    2. mission fall apart and misguided

    3. triggering reform → good (Cluny or Franc, Respect, or even bad like the protestant reformation)

    4. Celestine V resigns and Clement V moves the Papacy

    5. Alexander VI

Withstand Grow and Adapt (Faithful to the Mission)

  1. Cluny

    1. Simony and nepotism

    2. feudalism

    3. links to pope (Leo IX)

    4. more focus on being holy

  2. Doms and Francs

    1. Heresy (abgensitism)

    2. Worldliness of the Clergy

    3. education when it came to heresy

    4. People more holiness (Rosary)

  3. Jesuits

    1. Response to wanting to expand and missionary

    2. controlled by the state but when they were a lone there was a great amount of inculturation

    3. truthfully showing how the Catholic Church was

    4. went over to serve the people that were there

    5. Stark’s Compound

    6. Limited success in North American (different Tribes)

Through theses 3 although there were time of papacy weak the church had the ability to have good reforms that would allow for people to work back to adapt to society around them.

Roots of the Renaissance and Challenges that have been impacted by it.

COUNTER REFORMATION → council of Trent, now having to adapt to only have faith and trying to convince people that tradition is fine, revived religious orders, education became better, curbed abuses, Jesuits started to become more widely spread to counter act the protestant reformation

  1. Start

    1. Black Plague

    2. Need for Hope

    3. Need Education of Clergy and everywhere’

    4. Dark Ages (Late middle ages)

    5. Intellectual shift from Scholastic to Humanism

      1. rediscovery of the classics

  2. Good Impacts

    1. Evolution of art and arcterture

    2. very good at political management

    3. Sixtus IV (1471) → Attempt at reconsization and restore Byzantium to power again

  3. Bad Impacts

    1. Alex VI Otto Turks

    2. Introduction back to Simony and nepotism → Worldliness to Luther

    3. People are more focused on one’s self

    4. Focus too much on arts

    5. Losing too much money too fast on unimportant thing

    6. did not focus on moral and theological

Protestant reformation → revolution, impacts on Church, causes and why it succeeded

  1. Revolution

    1. revolt against

    2. upheaval of church and state matters

    3. no main unified church

    4. affects how state operated which lead into national churches

    5. Challenges central Christian dogmas

  2. Causes

    1. bad theology

    2. allowed for Lutheran to become loud → abuses to the church

    3. emperor using it as a tool → Nobel influence so to get the church to fail (DON’T WANT THE USE OF FORCE)

    4. Nobel → TOP DOWN

    5. people are just accepting as it is just Christian

    6. response to humanism (reject reason and go faith alone)

  3. Impact

    1. decreased amount of power

    2. division so there is not more unity

    3. Church in some places started to get oppressed

    4. shifted the full role of religion from independent to more of a tool → idenitty of a lot of places (GET THEOCRASIES (CALVIN))

    5. wars of religion

    6. Council of Trent (Paul III) → extremely definitive council → Affirmed the need for scripture and Tradition → role of the church → education that were structured sense

Christendom and the Enlightenment

  1. Christendom

    1. Christianity is central and way to be unified

    2. Charlemagne

      1. State Serves Church

      2. Funding for Missionary activity

    3. Shift to tool → CHURCH BECAME LORD AND VASSAL

  2. Enlightenment

    1. Religion is dangerous or religion is stupid and harmful to society → it is very divisive

    2. Stems from Humanist

    3. Voltaire (Father of anti-Catholics notions and this were stories about Galileo)

    4. rejection of faith fully/ religion

    5. Deism (Dones not have reject God outright but it rejects it outright)

  3. Impact

  1. very very good for the mission as it was not hindered by the state many people are following their religion and not hindered

  2. rejected from the state and could not mission properly which allowed goes against what needs to happen also there need to be an ability to go on the defince