AP psych mental health disorders

Ego-syntonic:

Behaviors, values, and feelings that are in harmony with the ego

Consistent with one's ideal self-image

Align with one's values, identity, core beliefs, and desires

Ego-dystonic:

Thoughts, impulses, and behaviors that are in conflict with the ego

Inconsistent with one's ideal self-image

Separate or opposite of what someone truly agrees with, desires, believes in, and values

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

• Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. Ego dystonic

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Involves challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, and communication issues. Ego syntonic

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders- egodystonic

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, often leading to distorted thinking, perceptions, and emotions. Symptoms are as below:

• Delusions: False beliefs that conflict with reality.

• Hallucinations: Sensing things that are not present, such as hearing voices.

• Disorganized Thinking or Speech: Incoherent or nonsensical responses and speech patterns.

• Word Salad: A jumble of words that don’t convey a coherent message.

• Disorganized Motor Behavior: Erratic movement and behavior that doesn’t align with context.

• Stupor: Lack of response to stimuli.

• Negative Symptoms: Diminished emotional expression or motivation.

• Catatonic Stupor: Lack of movement and response.

• Flat Affect: Absence of emotional expression.

• Dopamine Hypothesis: Suggests that an imbalance of dopamine plays a role in schizophrenia.

Depressive Disorders-ego dystonic

• Major Depressive Disorder symptoms: Persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness

  Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

  Significant weight loss or gain, or changes in appetite

  Insomnia or excessive sleeping

• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia):

  Chronic, low-grade depression lasting for at least two years

  Less severe symptoms than major depression, but can still significantly impact daily life

• Bipolar Disorders

• Mania: Period of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity.

• Depression: Period of low mood and lack of interest or pleasure.

• Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by manic episodes, often with depressive episodes.

• Bipolar II Disorder: Involves at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode.

Anxiety Disorders

• Specific Phobia: Intense fear of a specific object or situation. Symptoms are varied and can include excessive worry, restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and physical symptoms such as increased heart rate or sweating. ego dystonic

• Agoraphobia: Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult. Symptoms are often debilitating and can significantly impair daily functioning, leading to avoidance behaviors and increased anxiety in social situations. ego dystonic

• Panic Disorder: Recurrent panic attacks and fear of having more attacks. Symptoms are characterized by sudden feelings of terror that can include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and a sense of impending doom. ego dystonic

• Social Anxiety Disorder: Intense fear of social situations. Symptoms are often accompanied by excessive self-consciousness, fear of negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interactions, which can hinder personal and professional relationships. ego dystonic

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Persistent, excessive worry about various aspects of life. Symptoms are often accompanied by restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances. ego syntonic

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

• Obsessions: Recurrent, unwanted thoughts or impulses.

• Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety associated with obsessions.

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Involves both obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms are varied and can include excessive cleaning, counting, checking, or arranging, which can significantly interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. Ego dystonic

• Hoarding Disorder: Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter. Symptoms are characterized by significant distress and impairment in daily functioning, often requiring professional intervention for effective management. Ego-syntonic

Dissociative Disorders-ego dystonic

• Dissociative Amnesia: Memory loss related to personal information or traumatic events. Symptoms are varied and can include feelings of detachment, disruptions in consciousness, and identity disturbances.

  • With Fugue: Involves wandering or loss of identity.

  • Without Fugue: Memory loss without wandering.

• Dissociative Identity Disorder: Presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Symptoms are varied and may include gaps in memory, confusion about identity, and significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Ego dystonic

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

• Traumatic or Stressful Event: Occurs due to exposure to a traumatic incident.

• Hypervigilance: Increased alertness and sensitivity to potential dangers.

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Develops after exposure to a traumatic event, causing haunting memories and anxiety. Symptoms are varied and can include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by excessive weight loss and fear of gaining weight. Symptoms are social withdrawal, lack of interest in sex, insomnia, misuse of medication, asking for a higher dosage to avoid weight gain, excessive exercise, fear of eating in public, inflexible thinking, restrained emotional depression

• Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging or compensatory behaviors. Symptoms are characterized by cycles of overeating, feelings of loss of control during binge episodes, and subsequent feelings of guilt or shame. Other signs include fluctuations in weight, dental erosion, and gastrointestinal issues.

Personality Disorders

• Cluster A: Involves odd or eccentric behaviors.

  • Paranoid Personality Disorder: Distrust and suspicion of others. Symptoms are characterized by pervasive patterns of distrust, leading to a tendency to interpret motives as malevolent, often resulting in social isolation and difficulties in relationships.

  • Schizoid Personality Disorder: Detachment from social relationships. Symptoms are characterized by a limited range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings, resulting in a preference for solitary activities and a lack of interest in forming close relationships.

  • Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Discomfort in close relationships, distorted thinking, and eccentric behavior and great distrust of others. Symptoms are characterized by acute social anxiety, have flat emotions cognitive distortions, and peculiar behaviors that may include odd beliefs or magical thinking, leading to significant impairment in social functioning.

• Cluster B: Involves dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.

  • Antisocial Personality Disorder: Disregard for the rights of others. Symptoms are characterized by impulsivity, deceitfulness, irritability, and a lack of remorse for actions that harm others, often leading to conflict with the law or social norms.

  • Histrionic Personality Disorder: Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. Symptoms are characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality, including a need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, which often results in difficulty maintaining relationships due to an overwhelming desire to be the center of attention.

  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Grandiosity and a need for admiration. Symptoms are characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a strong sense of entitlement, and a lack of empathy for others, often manifesting in relationships that are exploitative or superficial.

  • Borderline Personality Disorder: Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. Symptoms are characterized by intense emotional responses, a fear of abandonment, and impulsive behaviors, which can lead to significant challenges in maintaining stable relationships and a consistent sense of self.

• Cluster C: Involves anxious or fearful behaviors.

  • Avoidant Personality Disorder: Social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy. Symptoms are characterized by extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, leading to avoidance of social situations and a heightened sense of anxiety in interpersonal interactions.

  • Dependent Personality Disorder: Exc=essive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive behavior. Symptoms are difficulty making decisions without the input or presence of others, being overly passive or submissive, an inability to disagree with or argue with others, allowing or preferring other people to handle your personal business, and extreme fear of abandonment, especially by loved ones.

  • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Preoccupation with orderliness and control, leading to rigidity. Symptoms are perfectionism, control, overly rigid and stubborn, difficulty working with others, over-devotion to work, and tightly controlled expression of affection.