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Vertebral Structure and Curvature

  • Lordosis: An increase in the curvature of the lumbar spine, often associated with pregnancy, which causes the belly to push forward, leading to an increased spinal curve.

Spinal Segments

  • Regions of the Spine:

    • Cervical Region: 7 segments.

    • Thoracic Region: 12 segments.

    • Lumbar Region: 5 segments.

    • Sacral Region: 4-5 segments (fused).

    • Coccyx: 3-4 segments (fused).

  • Variations: Some patients may have deviations such as:

    • 6 lumbar segments instead of 5.

    • 8 cervical segments instead of 7.

  • Common Proportion: Approximately 90% of individuals have the standard proportions mentioned above.

Differences in Segments

  • Each segment of the spine (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) has distinct structures due to different mechanical forces and protective coverings.

    • Thoracic vertebrae: Covered by the rib cage, resulting in different mechanical features compared to the lumbar vertebrae.

    • Lumbar vertebrae: No rib coverage, thus exposed to differing forces.

Vertebral Anatomy

  • Vertebral Body: Central part of the vertebra, provides strength and support.

  • Transverse Processes:

    • Extend laterally from the vertebrae.

    • Connection points for muscles and ligaments.

  • Foramen: Holes present in the vertebrae, significant for the passage of nerves and vessels.

Articular Processes

  • Superior and Inferior Articular Processes:

    • Play a role in connecting the vertebrae together to form joints.

    • Critical for spinal mobility and stability.

  • Facet Joints:

    • The connections formed by the articulation of the superior and inferior processes.

    • Sensitive areas that can cause back pain when aggravated.

Intervertebral Discs

  • Located between two segments, composed of cartilage.

  • Functions:

    • Supports body weight.

    • Transfers the forces exerted by gravity.

  • Common Issues: Discs can be affected by excess weight or pressure, leading to back pain and surgical intervention.

Additional Structures

  • Lamina: Region between the transverse process and the spinous process of the vertebra.

  • In the cervical region, notable segments include:

    • C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis): Important for head rotation and support of the skull.

    • Unique features like the transverse foramen found in cervical vertebrae.

Anterior Structure and Rib Cage

  • Sternum: Forms part of the rib cage, providing structural support and protection for the heart and lungs.