Chapter 12 PowerPoint

Tactical Ventilation Overview

Essentials of Fire Fighting

• 8th Edition, IFSTA, Chapter 12

• Focuses on Tactical Ventilation in firefighting operations.

Learning Objectives

Objectives 1-4

1. Describe tactical ventilation applications.

2. Identify safety considerations when performing tactical ventilation.

3. Describe ventilation tools and equipment.

4. Describe horizontal ventilation procedures.

Objectives 5-7

5. Describe vertical ventilation procedures.

6. Describe ventilation procedures for basement fires.

7. Describe ventilation procedures for windowless buildings and high-rise structures.

Section I: Reasons for Tactical Ventilation

Tactical Ventilation Applications

• Definition: Planned, coordinated removal of heated air, smoke, toxins, and contaminants from structures to replace with fresher air.

• Used primarily during overhaul and loss control after firefighting.

• Involves creating or closing openings in the structure.

Control of Fire Development

• Firefighters can manage the flow of oxygen, smoke, and hot gases.

  • Controls fire growth and spread.

  • Supports suppression and rescue operations.

  • Improves visibility during firefighting.

• Proper management of these factors enhances safety and effectiveness of operations.

Oxygen Effects on Fire

• Fires in compartments consume fuel/O2 and can enter a state of ventilation-limited decay if not properly ventilated.

• As oxygen decreases, fire efficiency declines, posing challenges for firefighters.

Flow Path Control

• Firefighters positioned at key doors manage airflow and assist with hoseline operations.

• Controlled openings allow for cooling of fire gases and reduced hazards.

• Coordination between tactical ventilation and suppression operations is essential.

• Avoid freelancing or unnecessary ventilation openings to maintain control.

Ventilation Control Methods

Closing/Covering Openings

• Actions taken before attack include:

  • Closing exterior doors and windows to limit oxygen.

  • Utilizing smoke and wind control devices to manage environment.

Rapid Fire Development Potential

• Ventilation needs to be managed to prevent introducing fresh air to a limited fire, which can lead to rapid re-ignition and increased fire growth.

Flashover and Ventilation

• Uncoordinated ventilation may lead to flashover conditions. Proper control is necessary to mitigate this risk.

Effectiveness of Tactical Ventilation

• Coordinated ventilation improves conditions for firefighters post-attack leading to safer operations.

• Removal of heat and smoke is critical for effective interior operations.

• Conditions can quickly revert if not maintained.

Section II: Safety Considerations

Situational Awareness in Ventilation

• Essential to communicate observations and maintain awareness of changing conditions.

• Recognize the structural integrity and risks from the environment (weather, building type).

Structural Considerations

• Modern structures may have fewer air leaks, increasing heat retention and requiring ventilation to maintain fire control.

• Firefighters should maintain vigilance for risks of roof and building collapse.

Ventilation Tools and Equipment

Tools Used

• Ground and roof ladders: Access ventilation points.

• Thermal imagers: Monitor conditions and identify openings.

• Mechanical equipment: Fans, smoke ejectors, and generators to assist in ventilation.

• Control devices: To manage airflow and minimize unnecessary exposure.

Horizontal Ventilation Procedures

Types of Horizontal Ventilation

1. Natural Ventilation: Opening doors and windows to utilize natural air currents.

2. Mechanical Ventilation: Use of fans and ejectors to create airflow.

3. Hydraulic Ventilation: Utilizing water streams to ventilate compartments.

Wind-Assisted Ventilation

• Open downwind side first for safe exhaust prior to fresh air entry.

Vertical Ventilation Procedures

Requirements and Methods

• Effective vertical ventilation requires openings in the roof to channel smoke out while allowing fresh air at the fire's level.

• Safety and structural assessment are crucial during vertical ventilation operations to prevent hazards.

• Employing roof ventilation teams effectively includes pre-defined escape routes and coordination with interior operations.

Ventilation of Basement Fires

Challenges and Coordination

• Basement fires require careful planning, as they are often ventilation limited.

• Use of piercing nozzles or access through openings helps manage air flow.

Ventilation of High-Rise Structures

Unique Challenges

• High-Rise structures pose risks due to their occupants and complex layouts.

• Coordinated ventilation is critical for maintaining safe escape routes while suppressing fire.

• Stack Effect: High-rises can exacerbate smoke and heat spread through vertical channels.

Closing Remarks

Key Takeaways

• Tactical ventilation is vital for effective firefighting and must be executed with care to ensure safety and efficiency.

• Understanding different ventilation methods and their application in various firefighting scenarios enhances operational effectiveness.