Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)	Found in muscles firmly attached to bones by tendons Consist muscle fiber bundles Held by connective tissue Myoneural junction stimulates nerves Muscle fibers contract and shorten to move bones
Smooth muscle (involuntary muscle)	Found in walls of blood vessel
Cardiac muscle	Involuntary striated muscle found in the heart

Bone Diseases
Disease Name	Etiology	Signs/Symptoms	Important Points
Infectious Bone Diseases	Osteomyelitis Bacterial Infection of the bone Caused by Bone Trauma or in Diabetics Tuberculosis Infection of bacterium “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” Infection spread from the lung to the bone	Osteomyelitis Pain Redness Chills Fever Leukocytosis Tuberculosis Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis of the lungs	Osteomyelitis Treatments Antibiotics Surgery to remove necrotic bone tissue Prevention Treating fractures and infections properly and swiftly Tuberculosis Treatments Antibiotics Surgery Prevention Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis Limits spread to bone Typical affects ends of long bones/ vertebrae
Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency: Osteoporosis	Lack of Vitamin D	Lack of vitamin D Soft, malformed, fragile bones Porous bone Abnormally fragile Fractures No exact signs Bone loss until fracture	Prevention Diet rich in vitamin D Daily weight bearing exercises Bone development Avoid smoking Limit alcohol Limit caffeine Bone resorption exceeds bone formation
Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency: Rickets	Bones do not ossify properly in early childhood	Soft and bendy bones Becomes deformed over time	Prevention Vitamin D fortified milk Exposure to sunlight
Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency: Osteomalacia	Inadequate dietary vitamin D, calcium and phosphorous	Softening and decalcification of bones in adults Muscle Weakness Weight loss Bone pain	Treatment Vitamin D supplements Calcium supplements
Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans)	Overproduction of bone Skull Vertebrae Pelvis	New bone tissue fractures easily and is abnormal Excessive bony growth —> Enlarged skull Presses against Cranial Nerves —> vision and hearing impairment Curvatures in leg and spinal column	Treatments Calcitonin Etidronate Reduces bone resorption Mithramycin Decreases calcium
Scoliosis	Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Fusion of the vertebrae during development Neuromuscular abnormality Weak back muscle development	Lower back pain Fatigue Visible observation of spinal curvature	Diagnosis Physical Exam History X-ray Treatment Back Braces Surgery No prevention
Kyphosis	Exaggerated posterior curve of thoracic spine Osteoporosis induced vertebral collapse Degenerative arthritis	Mild back pain Fatigue Tenderness Difficulty breathing	Diagnosis Physical exams X rays Treatment Limited No current cure
Bone Cancer (Malignant bone tumors)	Osteogenic Sarcoma Unknown cause Bone cancer that arises in the bony tissue Affects the ends of long bones	Dull localization pain Intensified at night Bony masses sarcoma (Cancer that affects soft tissues and bones) Fractures near the sarcoma

Untitled Flashcards Set

Bone Diseases