Untitled Flashcards Set

Apollo 11 Stones:
Oldest known artwork in Africa. Shows the use of natural pigments. Made from charcoal on stone, found in Namibia, reflecting early symbolic thought. ART MOBILIE - small moveable art (know this).

Great Hall of Bulls:
Good example of Paleolithic cave art. Shows the importance of animals and ritualistic practices. Painted with ochre and charcoal in Lascaux, France, possibly linked to shamanistic rituals.

Camelid Sacrum in the Shape of a Canine:
Carving made from bone linked to fertility or spirituality. Shows early humans' connection to animals. Made from the sacrum of a camelid, considered sacred in Mesoamerican culture.

Running Horned Woman:
Depiction of a ceremonial figure, showing how the divine were shown in Neolithic Saharan culture. Painted with natural pigments on rock in Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria, blending realism and abstraction.

Beaker with Ibex Motifs:
Funerary vessel that shows the stylization of animal forms and geometric patterns. Made of painted terra cotta, found in Susa, Iran, reflecting early agricultural societies.

Anthropomorphic Stele:
Representation of a human figure showing the role of memorials or markers in prehistoric Arabian culture. Carved from sandstone, often associated with burial practices in the Arabian Peninsula.

Jade Cong:
Associated with ritual and life-and-death ceremonies; cosmological. Carved from jade, highly valued in Liangzhu culture, symbolizing earth and heaven.

Stonehenge:
Monumental prehistoric structure aligned with stars; could have been used to bury elite. Constructed with sarsen stones and bluestones, reflecting advanced engineering.

Ambum Stone:
Finely carved pestle with animalistic features, possibly used for rituals. Made from greywacke, found in Papua New Guinea, likely associated with fertility.

Tlatilco Female Figurine:
Clay figure that represents fertility and duality, which was representative of early Mesoamerican spiritual beliefs. Made of ceramic with painted details, reflecting themes of life, death, and the afterlife.

Terra Cotta Fragment:
Example of the Lapita culture’s decorative pottery. Decorated with incised patterns, showcasing early Polynesian artistic traditions and utility.

White Temple and its Ziggurat:
Elevated temple that shows Sumerian belief in closer connection to gods through height. Constructed with mud-brick, emphasizing its central role in religious and political life.

Palette of King Narmer:
Ceremonial stone that shows the unification of Egypt with symbols of power and divinity. Carved from siltstone, used for ritualistic purposes in temple ceremonies.

Statues of Votive Figures from the Square Temple at Eshnunna:
Small statues with clasped hands to show their eternal devotion to the Sumerian gods. Made from gypsum and limestone, with wide eyes symbolizing constant prayer.

Seated Scribe:
Lifelike statue that shows the importance of scribes and literacy. Painted limestone with inlaid eyes, highlighting the naturalistic approach of Old Kingdom Egypt.

Standard of Ur:
A dual-sided mosaic that shows the hierarchical society and war scenes. Made of lapis lazuli, shell, and red limestone, demonstrating Sumerian craftsmanship.

Great Pyramids:
Massive tombs that show pharaohs' divine power and architectural skill. Constructed from limestone and granite, symbolizing eternity and royal authority.

King Menkaura and Queen:
Idealized portrait showing the pharaoh’s authority and the queen’s supportive role. Carved from greywacke, emphasizing permanence and regal dignity.

The Code of Hammurabi:
Babylonian legal code inscribed with laws of justice and divine will. Carved into basalt, symbolizing the eternal authority of Hammurabi and the gods.

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall:
Large religious complex showing New Kingdom power and advanced column designs. Built with sandstone, featuring massive columns with sunken relief carvings.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut:
Terraced temple blending with the cliffs and showing Egypt’s first female pharaoh. Constructed from limestone, emphasizing harmony with the surrounding landscape.

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters:
Relief showing the shift to monotheism and intimate royal family dynamics during the Amarna period. Carved from limestone, depicting the Aten as the sole god.

Tutankhamun’s Tomb:
Burial treasures that show Egyptian beliefs in the afterlife and divinity. Gold and inlaid stones used for his sarcophagus reflect the opulence of the New Kingdom.

Last Judgment of Hunefer:
Shows Hunefer’s soul being judged, showing Egyptian morality and the afterlife. Painted on papyrus, part of the Book of the Dead.

Lamassu from the Citadel of Sargon II:
Winged guardian combining human, bull, and eagle forms to intimidate visitors. Carved from alabaster, symbolizing the Assyrian king's authority.

Athenian Agora:
Central space that represents the democratic practices of classical Athens. Contained structures like stoas, reflecting the importance of civic life.

Anavysos Kouros:
Marble statue of a young man, showing idealized youth and athleticism. Carved with remnants of paint, bridging Archaic and naturalistic styles.

Peplos Kore from the Acropolis:
Archaic statue of a young woman, possibly a goddess, with drapery and femininity. Marble statue with traces of paint, representing votive offerings.

Sarcophagus of the Spouses:
Reclining Etruscan couple showing equality in death and afterlife. Made of terracotta, emphasizing Etruscan funerary customs.

Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes:
Persian ceremonial hall symbolizing imperial authority and unity. Constructed with limestone and adorned with reliefs of tribute bearers.

Temple of Minerva and Sculpture of Apollo:
Etruscan temple with terracotta statue showing Italic and Greek influence. Made of wood, mud brick, and terracotta, reflecting Etruscan architectural practices.

Tomb of the Triclinium:
Painted tomb showing Etruscan funeral banquets and social practices. Frescoes on plastered walls, blending life and afterlife imagery.

Niobides Krater:
Vase showing Niobe’s punishment with depth and mythological storytelling. Red-figure technique on ceramic, emphasizing narrative clarity.

Doryphoros:
Greek sculpture showing perfect human proportions and contrapposto stance. Cast in bronze (original) or marble (Roman copies), embodying Polykleitos’ canon of proportion.

Acropolis:
Shows the cultural and political power of Athens during its Golden Age, showing advancements in architecture and democracy. Constructed with marble, housing temples like the Parthenon.

Grave Stele of Hegeso:
Shows classical Greek emphasis on human emotion and societal roles of women in ancient Greece. Marble stele with detailed relief, reflecting private commemoration.

Winged Victory of Samothrace:
Celebrates naval victories and shows Hellenistic art’s dramatic movements and emotions. Carved from marble, designed to interact with its natural surroundings.

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon:
Shows Hellenistic artistry through its relief sculptures depicting the win of Greek civilization. Made of marble, with a high-relief frieze illustrating the Gigantomachy.

House of the Vettii:
Shows insight into Roman domestic architecture and elite lifestyle. Decorated with frescoes, including the Fourth Style of Roman wall painting.

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii:
Shows Alexander the Great’s legendary battle and Roman admiration for Greek culture and mosaics. Made of tiny tesserae, showcasing intricate mosaic craftsmanship.

Seated Boxer:
Shows Hellenistic realism and emotional depth, showing vulnerability of a defeated athlete. Bronze sculpture with inlaid copper to highlight wounds and fatigue.

Head of a Roman Patrician:
Shows Roman verism and age and wisdom as desirable traits. Carved from marble, emphasizing realism over idealism.

Augustus of Prima Porta:
Shows the divine authority and idealized leadership of Augustus, combining Greek idealism with Roman propaganda. Marble statue with reliefs on his armor depicting Roman victories.

Colosseum:
Shows Roman engineering power and imperialism. Also served as a venue for public spectacles. Built with concrete and travertine, featuring an innovative system of arches and vaults.

Forum of Trajan:
Represents the height of Roman civic architecture and urban planning, showing the military. Designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, featuring a basilica and a commemorative column.

Pantheon:
Revolutionary architectural achievement with a massive dome and oculus, showing the union of heaven and earth and Roman innovation. Constructed from concrete with a coffered dome for structural support.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus:
Shows the chaotic, dynamic style of late Roman art, also showing the turbulence of the late empire. Carved from marble with crowded high-relief figures, symbolizing the decline of classical order.

Catacomb of Priscilla:
Early Christian burial site that features some of the earliest Christian art, showing themes of salvation and resurrection. Carved into tufa, it contains frescoes and inscriptions reflecting early Christian funerary practices.

Santa Sabina:
Shows the adaptation of Roman basilica architecture for Christian worship, symbolizing the transition to large and monumental church designs. Constructed with a wooden roof and spolia Corinthian columns, emphasizing simplicity and grandeur.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel (Vienna Genesis):
Shows the luxuriousness of early Christian illuminated manuscripts and the blending of classical and Christian artistic traditions. Made of vellum dyed purple, with silver ink, symbolizing imperial patronage.

San Vitale:
A great example of Byzantine architecture and mosaics, showing the emperor’s divine authority and theological themes. Features intricate mosaics with gold tesserae, emphasizing spiritual light and imperial power.

Hagia Sophia:
Fusion of central and basilica plans, known for its large dome and symbolizing Byzantine imperial and religious power. Constructed with a combination of brick and mortar, featuring pendentives to support the massive dome.

Merovingian Looped Fibulae:
Decorative and functional, showed wealth, status, and the merging of Germanic and Roman artistry. Crafted from gold, garnet, and glass, demonstrating mastery of cloisonné and metalwork.

Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and George:
Early Byzantine icon showing devotion and the transition from naturalism to spiritual abstraction. Painted with encaustic on wood, emphasizing durability and vivid coloration.

Lindisfarne Gospels (St. Matthew, cross-carpet page):
Combines intricate Insular designs with Christian iconography, showing cultural fusion. Created using tempera on vellum, showcasing painstaking craftsmanship and monastic dedication.

Great Mosque:
Shows Islamic spirituality, with its hypostyle hall and qibla wall that show communal prayer. Built with columns and arches in a modular layout, allowing for expansion and adaptability.

Pyxis of Al-Mughira:
Ivory box that illustrates the refinement of Islamic art and its secular and courtly uses. Carved from a single piece of ivory, featuring detailed figurative and vegetal motifs.

Church of Saint Foy:
Romanesque pilgrimage church, housing significant relics and showcasing innovations in church architecture. Built with a barrel vault and radiating chapels to accommodate pilgrims.

Bayeux Tapestry:
Embroidered story of the Norman conquest of England, blending historical record and artistic storytelling. Made from wool on linen, using narrative imagery to commemorate William the Conqueror’s victory.

Chartres Cathedral:
Gothic architectural marvel known for its soaring vaults, stained glass, and representation of the divine. Constructed with flying buttresses and ribbed vaults, enabling the extensive use of stained glass.

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis:
Shows the intersection of royal authority and religious devotion in Gothic illuminated manuscripts. Created on vellum with gold leaf, underscoring the wealth and power of the French monarchy.

Röttgen Pietà:
Late Gothic sculpture emphasizing emotional intensity and human suffering, reflecting devotional practices. Carved from wood and painted, making it accessible for personal contemplation.

Arena Chapel:
Known for its naturalistic frescoes and emotional storytelling, showing devotional practices. Frescoes by Giotto use buon fresco technique, showcasing early Renaissance innovation in narrative art.

Golden Haggadah:
Luxurious Jewish manuscript showing a blend of Gothic Christian and Jewish art traditions. Illuminated on vellum with gold leaf, used for Passover celebrations.

Alhambra:
Palatial complex that shows the refinement of Islamic architecture and the integration of art and nature. Constructed with stucco, wood, and tile, featuring intricate arabesques and muqarnas.

Annunciation Triptych:
Early Northern Renaissance work shows meticulous detail and Christian themes. Created using oil on wood, highlighting the medium's ability to capture fine details and light effects.

Pazzi Chapel:
Example of Renaissance architecture, showing harmony and proportion. Designed by Brunelleschi, it uses pietra serena and geometric patterns to emphasize balance.

The Arnolfini Portrait:
Iconic work of Northern Renaissance art, showing intricate detail, symbolism, and use of oil paint. Painted by Jan van Eyck, it demonstrates the artist’s mastery of light and texture.

David (Donatello):
Early Renaissance sculpture that shows classical forms and individuality and humanism. Cast in bronze, it was the first free-standing nude male sculpture since antiquity.

Palazzo Rucellai:
Renaissance building that blends classical elements with innovative urban architecture. Designed by Alberti, it uses pilasters and horizontal bands to create a classical façade.

Madonna and Child with Two Angels:
Humanizes religious figures with playfulness and atmospheric perspective, showing early Renaissance humanism. Painted by Fra Filippo Lippi using tempera on wood, emphasizing soft, naturalistic forms.

Birth of Venus:
Shows classical mythology with idealized beauty and grace. Painted by Botticelli using tempera on canvas, an uncommon medium at the time.

Last Supper:
Innovates perspective and emotional storytelling to depict Christ’s announcement of betrayal. Created by Leonardo da Vinci using an experimental fresco technique, now heavily restored.

Adam and Eve:
Combines classical proportions with symbolism to show temptation and fall. An engraving by Dürer, showcasing Northern Renaissance mastery of detail and iconography.

Sistine Chapel Ceiling and Altar Wall Frescoes:
Portrays biblical stories with big figures and theological depth. Frescoes by Michelangelo, painted using buon fresco on the vast ceiling and altar wall.

School of Athens:
Shows intellectual harmony with a gathering of classical philosophers in a geometric architectural setting. Fresco by Raphael, featuring figures like Plato and Aristotle in an idealized space.

Isenheim Altarpiece:
Shows intense suffering and redemption to resonate with ailing viewers. Painted by Matthias Grünewald, it was designed for a hospital treating skin diseases.

Entombment of Christ:
Uses Mannerist elongation and color to evoke grief and instability. Painted by Pontormo using oil on wood, with a focus on emotional expression.

Allegory of Law and Grace:
Contrasts salvation with condemnation under the law. A woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder, created as a Reformation propaganda piece.

Venus of Urbino:
Shows sensuality and domesticity through rich color and a confident gaze. Painted by Titian using oil on canvas, emphasizing texture and flesh tones.

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza:
Shows Aztec history with precise symbols under colonial influence. Painted on European paper, combining native pictographic traditions with Spanish annotations.

Il Gesù, including the Name of Jesus Ceiling Fresco:
Dramatic illusionism glorifies the divine and Counter-Reformation ideas. Fresco by Gaulli uses trompe-l'œil to create a sense of heavenly ascent.

Hunters in the Snow:
Captures winter hardship and beauty with atmospheric detail. Painted by Bruegel the Elder using oil on wood, part of a seasonal series.

Mosque of Selim II:
Shows Ottoman architectural mastery with its large dome and harmonious layout. Designed by Sinan, it uses stone, brick, and marble to create a unified aesthetic.

Calling of Saint Matthew:
Uses stark light contrasts to depict a divine calling in a relatable everyday setting. Painted by Caravaggio using oil on canvas, with dramatic chiaroscuro.

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici:
Glorifies royal marriage as divinely ordained, showing Baroque drama with political propaganda. Painted by Rubens using oil on canvas, part of a larger cycle celebrating Marie de' Medici.

Self-Portrait with Saskia:
Combines personal intimacy and artistic virtuosity, showing mastery of etching. Etching by Rembrandt, capturing both spontaneity and technical skill.

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane:
Borromini’s Baroque innovation, with curves and spatial complexity. Made of stucco and stone, with an elliptical dome emphasizing movement.

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa:
Bernini’s dramatic sculpture captures divine love through sensual dramatic expression. Made from marble, with bronze rays and hidden light creating theatrical effects.

Angel with Arquebus:
Merges European Baroque style with Andean imagery to symbolize divine protection. Painted with oil on canvas, blending Catholic and indigenous elements.

Las Meninas:
Velázquez’s complex composition blurs reality and illusion, showing the artist’s role. Painted with oil on canvas, using light and perspective to engage the viewer.

Woman Holding a Balance:
Vermeer’s quiet scene symbolizes moral introspection and earthly wealth. Painted with oil on canvas, using soft light to create a serene atmosphere.

The Palace at Versailles:
Shows absolutist power and control through lavish Baroque architecture and gardens. Built with stone and gilded interiors, symbolizing Louis XIV’s reign.

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene:
Unique folding screen that combines European battle imagery and decorative elements for elite audiences. Made with lacquer and inlaid with mother-of-pearl, showing influence from Asian craftsmanship.

The Virgin of Guadalupe:
Icon of Mexican identity and religious devotion, combining indigenous and European symbolism. Painted on tilma cloth, with radiant imagery reflecting Marian devotion.

Fruit and Insects:
Ruysch’s still life shows fleeting beauty and natural detail. Painted with oil on wood, blending scientific observation with vanitas themes.

Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo:
Reflects colonial caste system through an idealized portrayal of racial mixing. Oil on canvas, part of the casta painting tradition in New Spain.

The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode:
Satirizes aristocratic folly through a humorous style. Painted by Hogarth using oil on canvas, part of a narrative series critiquing the upper class.

Chavín de Huántar:
Religious and cultural center of the Chavín civilization, showing intricate stone carvings and ritualistic architecture. Constructed using granite and limestone, it features a sophisticated network of underground tunnels for rituals. The Lanzón, a sacred monolith, served as a focal point for worship.

Mesa Verde:
Cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloans, showing advanced adaptation to the environment. Built from sandstone, wooden beams, and adobe plaster, these dwellings reflect the Puebloans' adaptation to the arid climate. The structures also reveal advanced social organization and resource management.

Yaxchilán (Chiapas):
Mayan site known for its lintel carvings depicting rulers and rituals. Carved lintels, made of limestone, were commissioned by rulers to commemorate conquests and sacred rituals. The site’s architecture also reflects Mayan astronomical knowledge.

Great Serpent Mound:
Earthwork reflecting astronomical and spiritual significance, likely tied to Native American beliefs. Created by the Adena or Fort Ancient cultures, its sinuous shape aligns with solstices and lunar events. Its construction highlights sophisticated earth-moving techniques.

Templo Mayor (Tenochtitlán):
Aztec temple symbolizing the duality of war and agriculture, central to their cosmology. Built from volcanic stone and stucco, it served as the ceremonial center of the Aztec Empire. The temple housed statues of Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, representing war and rain.

Ruler's Feather Headdress:
Elaborate Aztec ceremonial piece symbolizing status and divine connection. Made with iridescent quetzal feathers and gold, it reflects the Aztec elite's access to rare and exotic materials. The craftsmanship underscores the high value placed on ceremonial regalia.

City of Cusco:
Incan capital, designed as a sacred and administrative hub with advanced stonework. Built using precisely cut stones without mortar, showcasing Incan mastery of seismic-resistant architecture. The city’s layout forms a symbolic puma, emphasizing its sacred role.

Maize Cobs (Inka):
Metalwork representing maize, symbolizing agricultural abundance and divine favor. Crafted from sheet metal using repoussé, it represents sacred crops central to Incan religious practices. The realistic representation underscores the spiritual significance of maize.

City of Machu Picchu (Central Highlands):
Incan royal estate, combining spiritual and natural harmony with architecture. Constructed with granite, its terraced design harmonizes with the steep Andean landscape. It served as a retreat for the elite, showcasing advanced engineering and water management.

All-T’oqapu Tunic (Inka):
Woven garment symbolizing Incan power, hierarchy, and diversity. Made of finely woven alpaca and cotton fibers, it was reserved for elites or the Sapa Inca. Each square design represents different ethnicities or provinces within the empire.

Bandolier Bag (Lenape):
Decorative and functional beadwork, reflective of Native American cultural identity and adaptation. Beads were acquired through European trade, blending indigenous artistry with new materials. The bags often symbolize clan identity or ceremonial use.

Transformation Mask (Kwakwaka’wakw):
Ceremonial mask used in rituals to symbolize spiritual metamorphosis. Crafted from cedar wood, it is painted with natural pigments and used in potlatch ceremonies. The mask’s opening and closing mechanism enhances the transformative performance.

Painted Elk Hide (Cotsiogo):
Depicts Plains cultural practices, combining tradition and trade influence. Made from elk hide and painted with natural pigments, it documents cultural traditions for trade and storytelling. Scenes include the Sun Dance and buffalo hunts.

Black-on-Black Ceramic Vessel (Maria and Julian Martinez):
Revives Pueblo pottery traditions with modern aesthetics and techniques. Made from local clay, its polished black finish demonstrates a revival of Pueblo techniques and aesthetic innovation. The matte-on-shiny designs showcase a sophisticated sense of form and symmetry.