1. Individualism: The belief in the importance of personal independence, self-reliance, and the rights of the individual over the collective group.

2. Equality of Opportunity: The principle that every individual should have the same chances to succeed in life, regardless of their background or circumstances.

3. Free Enterprise: An economic system in which private businesses operate in competition and are largely free of state control, with minimal government intervention.

4. Rule of Law: The concept that all individuals, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws that are fairly applied and enforced, and that no one is above the law.

5. Political Socialization: The process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors, often influenced by family, schools, media, and other societal institutions.

6. Generational Effects: The impact of significant historical or societal events on the political views and behaviors of individuals in a particular age cohort, which distinguishes them from other generations.

7. Life Cycle Effects: The changes in political attitudes and behaviors that tend to occur as individuals age, often leading to more conservative views over time as responsibilities and priorities shift.

8. Opinion Polls: Surveys designed to gauge public opinion on specific issues or political candidates at a given point in time.

9. Scientific Polls: Polls that use scientific methods, such as random sampling and weighting, to ensure results are representative of the overall population.

10. Benchmark Polls: Initial polls conducted early in a campaign to gauge a candidate's name recognition and support, helping shape campaign strategy.

11. Tracking Polls: Ongoing polls conducted over a period of time to track changes in public opinion or candidate support as events unfold.

12. Exit Polls: Surveys conducted immediately after voters leave polling places, aimed at predicting election outcomes and understanding voter behavior.

13. Polling Methodology: The techniques and processes used in designing and conducting polls, including sampling, question wording, and analysis.

14. Focus Group: A small, diverse group of people assembled to discuss and provide feedback on a specific issue, product, or political strategy, often used for qualitative research.

15. Random Selection: A process used in polling or research to choose individuals for a sample where each person has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring fairness and reducing bias.

16. Representative Sample: A sample in polling or research that accurately reflects the demographics and views of the overall population, allowing for more accurate generalizations.

17. Weighting: Adjusting the results of a poll to account for the overrepresentation or underrepresentation of certain demographic groups in the sample, ensuring more accurate reflections of the population.

18. Sampling Error: The margin of error in poll results that arises from surveying only a sample of the population, rather than the entire population.

19. Conservatism: A political ideology that values tradition, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, and a cautious approach to change, particularly in social and cultural matters.

20. Liberalism: A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights, equality, social justice, and often advocates for a more active government role in addressing social and economic issues.

21. Libertarianism: A political philosophy that advocates for minimal government intervention in both personal and economic matters, emphasizing individual liberty and free markets.

22. Fiscal Policy: The use of government spending and taxation policies to influence economic conditions, including levels of demand, employment, and inflation.

23. Monetary Policy: The process by which a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, controls the supply of money and interest rates to influence economic activity.

24. Laissez-Faire: An economic philosophy advocating for minimal government interference in the market and allowing individuals and businesses to operate freely.

25. Command and Control: An economic system where the government has substantial control over production, distribution, and pricing decisions, often associated with socialist or communist economies.

26. Mixed Economy: An economic system that blends elements of both free markets and government intervention, allowing for private enterprise alongside government regulation and public services.

27. Keynesianism: An economic theory that advocates for active government intervention in the economy, particularly through fiscal policy, to manage demand and prevent economic downturns.

28. Supply-Side Economics: An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of reducing taxes and regulations to encourage production, investment, and economic growth, often associated with conservative economic policies.