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Practice Pre ACT English

NOUNS

A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. The two main types of nouns are common and proper

nouns. Nouns can also be categorized as abstract (i.e., general) or concrete (i.e., specific).

COMMON NOUNS

Common nouns are generic names for people, places, and things. Common nouns are not usually

capitalized.

Examples of common nouns:

People: boy, girl, worker, manager

Places: school, bank, library, home

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Things: dog, cat, truck, car

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PROPER NOUNS

Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things. All proper nouns are capitalized.

Examples of proper nouns:

People: Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr.

Places: Los Angeles, California; New York; Asia

Things: Statue of Liberty, Earth, Lincoln Memorial

Note: Some nouns can be either common or proper depending on their use. For example, when

referring to the planet that we live on, Earth is a proper noun and is capitalized. When referring to

the dirt, rocks, or land on our planet, earth is a common noun and is not capitalized.

GENERAL AND SPECIFIC NOUNS

General nouns are the names of conditions or ideas. Specific nouns name people, places, and

things that are understood by using your senses.

General nouns:

Condition: beauty, strength

Idea: truth, peace

Specific nouns:

People: baby, friend, father

Places: town, park, city hall

Things: rainbow, cough, apple, silk, gasoline

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Collective nouns are the names for a group of people, places, or things that may act as a whole. The

following are examples of collective nouns: class, company, dozen, group, herd, team, and public.

Collective nouns usually require an article, which denotes the noun as being a single unit. For

instance, a choir is a group of singers. Even though there are many singers in a choir, the word choir

is grammatically treated as a single unit. If we refer to the members of the group, and not the group

itself, it is no longer a collective noun.

Incorrect: The choir are going to compete nationally this year.

Correct: The choir is going to compete nationally this year.

Incorrect: The members of the choir is competing nationally this year.

Correct: The members of the choir are competing nationally this year.

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PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that are used to stand in for nouns. A pronoun may be classified as personal,

intensive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and reciprocal.

Personal: Nominative is the case for nouns and pronouns that are the subject of a sentence.

Objective is the case for nouns and pronouns that are an object in a sentence. Possessive is

the case for nouns and pronouns that show possession or ownership.

Singular

Nominative Objective Possessive

First Person I me my, mine

Second Person you you your, yours

Third Person he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers, its

Plural

Nominative Objective Possessive

First Person we us our, ours

Second Person you you your, yours

Third Person they them their, theirs

Intensive: I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, the (thing) itself, we ourselves, you

yourselves, they themselves

Relative: which, who, whom, whose

Interrogative: what, which, who, whom, whose

Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

Indefinite: all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several

Reciprocal: each other, one another

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VERBS

A verb is a word or group of words that indicates action or being. In other words, the verb shows

something’s action or state of being or the action that has been done to something. If you want to

write a sentence, then you need a verb. Without a verb, you have no sentence.

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TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

A transitive verb is a verb whose action indicates a receiver. Intransitive verbs do not indicate a

receiver of an action. In other words, the action of the verb does not point to an object.

Transitive: He drives a car. | She feeds the dog.

Intransitive: He runs every day. | She voted in the last election.

A dictionary will tell you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive. Some verbs can be transitive

or intransitive.

ACTION VERBS AND LINKING VERBS

Action verbs show what the subject is doing. In other words, an action verb shows action. Unlike

most types of words, a single action verb, in the right context, can be an entire sentence. Linking

verbs link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun, or they link a subject with an adjective.

You always need a verb if you want a complete sentence. However, linking verbs on their own

cannot be a complete sentence.

Common linking verbs include appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell, sound, and taste.

However, any verb that shows a condition and connects to a noun, pronoun, or adjective that

describes the subject of a sentence is a linking verb.

Action: He sings. | Run! | Go! | I talk with him every day. | She reads.

Linking:

Incorrect: I am.

Correct: I am John. | The roses smell lovely. | I feel tired.

Note: Some verbs are followed by words that look like prepositions, but they are a part of the verb

and a part of the verb’s meaning. These are known as phrasal verbs, and examples include call off,

look up, and drop off.

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VOICE

Transitive verbs may be in active voice or passive voice. The difference between active voice and

passive voice is whether the subject is acting or being acted upon. When the subject of the sentence

is doing the action, the verb is in active voice. When the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in

passive voice.

Active: Jon drew the picture. (The subject Jon is doing the action of drawing a picture.)

Passive: The picture is drawn by Jon. (The subject picture is receiving the action from Jon.)

VERB TENSES

Verb tense is a property of a verb that indicates when the action being described takes place (past,

present, or future) and whether or not the action is completed (simple or perfect). Describing an

action taking place in the present (I talk) requires a different verb tense than describing an action

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that took place in the past (I talked). Some verb tenses require an auxiliary (helping) verb. These

helping verbs include am, are, is | have, has, had | was, were, will (or shall).

Present: I talk Present perfect: I have talked

Past: I talked Past perfect: I had talked

Future: I will talk Future perfect: I will have talked

Present: The action is happening at the current time.

Example: He walks to the store every morning.

To show that something is happening right now, use the progressive present tense: I am walking.

Past: The action happened in the past.

Example: She walked to the store an hour ago.

Future: The action will happen later.

Example: I will walk to the store tomorrow.

Present perfect: The action started in the past and continues into the present or took place

previously at an unspecified time.

Example: I have walked to the store three times today.

Past perfect: The action was completed at some point in the past. This tense is usually used to

describe an action that was completed before some other reference time or event.

Example: I had eaten already before they arrived.

Future perfect: The action will be completed before some point in the future. This tense may be

used to describe an action that has already begun or has yet to begin.

Example: The project will have been completed by the deadline.

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CONJUGATING VERBS

When you need to change the form of a verb, you are conjugating a verb. The key forms of a verb

are present tense (sing/sings), past tense (sang), present participle (singing), and past participle

(sung). By combining these forms with helping verbs, you can make almost any verb tense. The

following table demonstrate some of the different ways to conjugate a verb:

Tense First Person Second Person Third Person

Singular

Third Person

Plural

Simple Present I sing You sing He, she, it sings They sing

Simple Past I sang You sang He, she, it sang They sang

Simple Future I will sing You will sing He, she, it will sing They will sing

Present

Progressive

I am singing You are singing He, she, it is singing They are singing

Past

Progressive

I was singing You were singing He, she, it was

singing

They were

singing

Present Perfect I have sung You have sung He, she, it has sung They have sung

Past Perfect I had sung You had sung He, she, it had sung They had sung

MOOD

There are three moods in English: the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive.

The indicative mood is used for facts, opinions, and questions.

Fact: You can do this.

Opinion: I think that you can do this.

Question: Do you know that you can do this?

The imperative is used for orders or requests.

Order: You are going to do this!

Request: Will you do this for me?

The subjunctive mood is for wishes and statements that go against fact.

Wish: I wish that I were famous.

Statement against fact: If I were you, I would do this. (This goes against fact because I am

not you. You have the chance to do this, and I do not have the chance.)

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ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun. An adjective answers a question:

Which one? What kind? or How many? Usually, adjectives come before the words that they modify,

but they may also come after a linking verb.

Which one? The third suit is my favorite.

What kind? This suit is navy blue.

How many? I am going to buy four pairs of socks to match the suit.

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ARTICLES

Articles are adjectives that are used to distinguish nouns as definite or indefinite. A, an, and the are

the only articles. Definite nouns are preceded by the and indicate a specific person, place, thing, or

idea. Indefinite nouns are preceded by a or an and do not indicate a specific person, place, thing, or

idea.

Note: An comes before words that start with a vowel sound. For example, “Are you going to get an

umbrella?”

Definite: I lost the bottle that belongs to me.

Indefinite: Does anyone have a bottle to share?

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COMPARISON WITH ADJECTIVES

Some adjectives are relative and other adjectives are absolute. Adjectives that are relative can

show the comparison between things. Absolute adjectives can also show comparison, but they do

so in a different way. Let’s say that you are reading two books. You think that one book is perfect,

and the other book is not exactly perfect. It is not possible for one book to be more perfect than the

other. Either you think that the book is perfect, or you think that the book is imperfect. In this case,

perfect and imperfect are absolute adjectives.

Relative adjectives will show the different degrees of something or someone to something else or

someone else. The three degrees of adjectives include positive, comparative, and superlative.

The positive degree is the normal form of an adjective.

Example: This work is difficult. | She is smart.

The comparative degree compares one person or thing to another person or thing.

Example: This work is more difficult than your work. | She is smarter than me.

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The superlative degree compares more than two people or things.

Example: This is the most difficult work of my life. | She is the smartest lady in school.

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ADVERBS

An adverb is a word that is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Usually, adverbs

answer one of these questions: When? Where? How? and Why? The negatives not and never are

considered adverbs. Adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs strengthen or weaken the

words that they modify.

Examples:

He walks quickly through the crowd.

The water flows smoothly on the rocks.

Note: Adverbs are usually indicated by the morpheme -ly, which has been added to the root word.

For instance, quick can be made into an adverb by adding -ly to construct quickly. Some words that

end in -ly do not follow this rule and can behave as other parts of speech. Examples of adjectives

ending in -ly include: early, friendly, holy, lonely, silly, and ugly. To know if a word that ends in -ly is

an adjective or adverb, check your dictionary. Also, while many adverbs end in -ly, you need to

remember that not all adverbs end in -ly.

Examples:

He is never angry.

You are too irresponsible to travel alone.

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COMPARISON WITH ADVERBS

The rules for comparing adverbs are the same as the rules for adjectives.

The positive degree is the standard form of an adverb.

Example: He arrives soon. | She speaks softly to her friends.

The comparative degree compares one person or thing to another person or thing.

Example: He arrives sooner than Sarah. | She speaks more softly than him.

The superlative degree compares more than two people or things.

Example: He arrives soonest of the group. | She speaks the most softly of any of her friends.

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PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between that

noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.

Common prepositions:

about before during on under

after beneath for over until

against between from past up

among beyond in through with

around by of to within

at down off toward without

Examples:

The napkin is in the drawer.