Ap Psych 5

Health Psychology: Focuses on how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness.

Psychoneuroimmunology: Studies the interaction between the nervous system, immune system, and psychological factors.

Stress: A psychological and physical response to perceived challenges or threats.

Approach and Avoidance Motives: Motivations driven by desire for positive outcomes (approach) or fear of negative outcomes (avoidance).

Kurt Lewin: A psychologist known for his work on social psychology and field theory, particularly regarding group dynamics and motivation.

Hans Selye: Psychologist known for developing the General Adaptation Syndrome theory of stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The body's three-phase response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Tend-and-Befriend Response: A stress response, especially in women, involving nurturing and seeking social support.

Coronary Heart Disease: A condition where plaque builds up in the arteries, leading to heart problems, often related to stress.

Type A: A personality type characterized by high ambition, competitiveness, and a sense of urgency.

Type B: A more relaxed, calm, and less competitive personality type.

Catharsis: The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

Coping: The strategies used to manage stress and difficult emotions.

Problem-Focused Coping: Addressing the root causes of stress through active problem-solving.

Emotion-Focused Coping: Managing emotional responses to stress rather than solving the problem itself.

Personal Control: The belief in one's ability to influence events in their life.

Learned Helplessness: The feeling of powerlessness that results from repeated failures.

External Locus of Control: Belief that external factors, like fate or others' actions, control one's life.

Internal Locus of Control: Belief that one controls their own fate through their actions.

Self-Control: The ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in the face of temptations and impulses.

Martin Seligman: Psychologist known for his work on learned helplessness and positive psychology.

Positive Psychology: Focuses on strengths, virtues, and factors that contribute to human flourishing and happiness.

Subjective Well-Being: An individual's self-perception of happiness or life satisfaction.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: The tendency for people to do good deeds when they are feeling happy.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: The tendency to judge experiences relative to our past experiences, adjusting expectations over time.

Relative Deprivation: Feeling worse off compared to others, leading to dissatisfaction.

Broaden-and-Build Theory: Theory suggesting that positive emotions broaden one's thinking and help build resources for coping with future challenges.

Character Strengths and Virtues: Positive traits that contribute to flourishing, such as courage, kindness, and fairness.

Resilience: The ability to recover or bounce back from adversity.

Aerobic Exercise: Physical activity that increases heart rate and improves cardiovascular health.

Mindfulness Meditation: A practice focused on staying present and aware of the current moment to reduce stress.

Gratitude: A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation for the positive aspects of life.

Psychological Disorder: A condition characterized by significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that impair functioning.

Medical Model: The view that psychological disorders are diseases with biological causes that can be diagnosed and treated.

Diathesis-Stress Model: Suggests that psychological disorders develop from the interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental stress.

Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression influenced by environmental factors.

DSM-5-TR: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, used to diagnose mental health disorders.

Anxiety Disorders: Disorders marked by excessive fear or anxiety, such as generalized anxiety or panic disorder.

Social Anxiety Disorder: Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Persistent and excessive worry about various life events or activities.

Panic Disorder: Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of future attacks.

Agoraphobia: Fear of being in places where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoidance of public places.

Specific Phobia: A marked and persistent fear of a specific object or situation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A disorder marked by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Hoarding Disorder: Difficulty discarding possessions due to emotional attachment, leading to clutter and distress.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A disorder triggered by a traumatic event, causing flashbacks, nightmares, and emotional numbness.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Disorders caused by exposure to stress or traumatic events.

Depressive Disorders: Disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.

Bipolar Disorders: Mood disorders involving extreme mood swings, including manic and depressive episodes.

Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities.

Persistent Depressive Disorder: A chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years.

Bipolar I Disorder: A type of bipolar disorder involving manic episodes that last at least seven days or require hospitalization.

Mania: A state of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity levels, often seen in bipolar I disorder.

Bipolar II Disorder: A type of bipolar disorder marked by hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Rumination: Repeatedly focusing on negative thoughts or emotions, often exacerbating depression.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A range of disorders involving distorted thinking, perception, and emotions, including schizophrenia.

Psychotic Disorders: Disorders characterized by a loss of contact with reality, such as hallucinations or delusions.

Delusion: A false belief that is strongly held despite evidence to the contrary.

Chronic Schizophrenia: A long-term form of schizophrenia marked by persistent symptoms and functional impairment.

Acute Schizophrenia: A form of schizophrenia with sudden onset, often accompanied by more intense symptoms.

Dissociative Disorders: Disorders involving a disruption in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, or identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): A disorder where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Dissociative Amnesia: A loss of memory about important personal information, often due to trauma or stress.

Personality Disorders: Disorders marked by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from the norm.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: A personality disorder marked by disregard for others' rights and a lack of empathy.

Feeding and Eating Disorders: Disorders related to unhealthy eating patterns, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia.

Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake and a distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa: An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Disorders that involve developmental issues in the brain, such as autism and ADHD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A developmental disorder characterized by social communication difficulties and repetitive behaviors.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A disorder marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Dorothea Dix: A social reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of people with mental illnesses.

Deinstitutionalization: The process of reducing the population of mental institutions by providing treatment in community-based settings.

Psychotherapy: A treatment for psychological disorders through communication between a therapist and patient.

Biomedical Therapy: Treatment of psychological disorders through medications or medical procedures.

Eclectic Approach: A therapeutic approach that combines different techniques and perspectives to best address the patient's needs.

Sigmund Freud: The founder of psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.

Psychoanalysis: A therapeutic approach that aims to uncover unconscious conflicts and repressed memories through techniques like free association.

Resistance: The unconscious defense mechanisms used by clients to avoid confronting painful or uncomfortable thoughts during therapy.

Interpretation: The therapist's explanation of the meaning behind a patient's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Transference: When a patient projects feelings or attitudes from past relationships onto the therapist.

Psychodynamic Therapy: A form of therapy based on psychoanalysis that focuses on unconscious processes and early life experiences.

Insight Therapies: Therapies that aim to help individuals gain an understanding of their psychological issues and gain self-awareness.

Person-Centered Therapy: A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

Carl Rogers: A humanistic psychologist known for developing client-centered therapy.

Active Listening: A technique in which the therapist listens attentively and reflects back what the client says.

Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting and supporting a person regardless of their behavior, a core concept in person-centered therapy.

Behavior Therapy: A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing maladaptive behaviors through learning techniques.

Counterconditioning: A process of replacing an undesirable response with a desirable one, used in behavior therapy.

Mary Cover Jones: A behaviorist known for her work in counterconditioning, particularly in reducing fear in children.

Joseph Wolpe: A psychologist known for developing systematic desensitization, a method of treating phobias.

Exposure Therapies: A group of therapies designed to reduce anxiety by exposing individuals to feared objects or situations.

Systematic Desensitization: A form of exposure therapy that gradually exposes individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching relaxation techniques.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: A type of exposure therapy using virtual reality to simulate feared situations.

Aversive Conditioning: A behavioral therapy that uses unpleasant stimuli to discourage unwanted behaviors.

B. F. Skinner: A behaviorist who developed operant conditioning theory, focusing on reinforcement and punishment.

Token Economy: A system where individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards.

Cognitive Therapy: A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing negative thought patterns to improve mood and behavior.

Albert Ellis: Psychologist who developed Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which focuses on changing irrational beliefs.

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): A type of cognitive therapy that helps individuals change irrational thoughts that lead to emotional distress.

Aaron Beck: Psychologist who developed cognitive therapy, focusing on identifying and changing negative thought patterns.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to treat various psychological disorders.

Group Therapy: A form of psychotherapy where a group of individuals meets to discuss their issues under the guidance of a therapist.

Family Therapy: A type of therapy that involves treating a family as a unit to improve communication and resolve conflicts.

Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for, interpret, or recall information that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs.

Meta-Analysis: A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to identify patterns or effects.

Evidence-Based Practice: Using the best available research evidence to guide treatment decisions.

Therapeutic Alliance: The collaborative relationship between a therapist and client that promotes healing.

Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

Antipsychotic Drugs: Medications used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Antianxiety Drugs: Medications used to reduce anxiety, often by depressing the central nervous system.

Antidepressant Drugs: Medications used to treat depression by altering neurotransmitter levels in the brain.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A medical treatment for severe depression involving electrical stimulation of the brain.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): A non-invasive treatment that uses magnetic fields to stimulate brain activity for treating depression.

Psychosurgery: Surgical procedures performed on the brain to treat mental disorders, including lobotomy.

Lobotomy: A form of psychosurgery that involves severing connections in the prefrontal cortex to treat severe mental disorders.

Hypnosis: A trance-like state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility, often used for therapeutic purposes.

Ernest Hilgard: A psychologist known for his work on hypnosis and the concept of dissociation during hypnosis.

Dissociation: A psychological state in which a person feels disconnected from their thoughts, feelings, or sense of identity.

Posthypnotic Suggestion: A suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the subject’s behavior after they come out of the trance.

Posttraumatic Growth: Positive psychological change that can occur after experiencing a traumatic event.