AP World Unit 3 Review

3.1 Empires Expand

Identify General Location: (1) The Manchu/Qing empire - Central and East Asia, (2) the Mughal Empire - South and Central Asia, (3) the Ottoman empire - Southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, (4) the Safavid Empire - Middle East, (5) the Aztec Empire - the Americas, (6) the Inca empire - the Americas and (7) the Songhai Empire - West Africa

Pick one of the land-based empires above and describe how it expanded and the effect of its expansion.
Empire Selected – Ottoman Empire
Cause of expansion – Used gunpowder weapons, cannons, and strong military organization to conquer the Byzantine Empire and expand into Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East
Effect of expansion – Controlled major trade routes, united diverse peoples under Islam, and created a long-lasting, centralized bureaucracy

3.2 Empires: Administration

Explain how the Ottoman use of the Devshirme system enabled them to maintain centralized control over their populations – Christian boys were taken, converted to Islam, and trained as elite soldiers (Janissaries) or administrators loyal to the Sultan

Explain how either European notions of the divine right, Mexica practice of human sacrifice OR Songhai promotion of Islam helped legitimize the government.
– Divine right in Europe claimed kings were chosen by God, justifying absolute rule

Explain how either the Mughal, or Ottoman, or Mexica or Ming used tax collection systems to forward state power – The Mughal Empire used zamindars (local tax collectors) to ensure revenue for the empire

In the space below, identify each example of art and monumental architecture, its associated empire, and how it was used to legitimize a ruler’s power.

Identify – Taj Mahal
Associated Empire – Mughal Empire
How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power? – Showcased wealth and architectural brilliance of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan

Identify – Suleymaniye Mosque
Associated Empire – Ottoman Empire
How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power? – Demonstrated the empire’s Islamic piety and architectural grandeur under Suleiman the Magnificent

Identify – Palace of Versailles
Associated Empire – French (Europe)
How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power? – Displayed Louis XIV’s absolute power and divine rule through extravagant architecture

Identify – Temple complex of Tenochtitlan
Associated Empire – Aztec Empire
How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power? – Central site for human sacrifices and religious rituals affirming the divine support of Aztec rulers

3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

Define the Protestant Reformation and describe its effects – A religious reform movement started by Martin Luther challenging the Catholic Church’s authority; led to the rise of Protestant branches and religious wars across Europe

Define the Catholic Reformation and describe its effects – The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed corrupt practices and reaffirmed doctrines through the Council of Trent and Jesuit missionaries

Describe Sikhism – A monotheistic religion founded in South Asia blending elements of Hinduism and Islam; promoted equality and service

What are Sunni and Shi’a? – Two major sects of Islam; Sunni believe the caliph should be elected, while Shi’a believe leadership should stay in Muhammad’s family

Explain how political rivalries intensified the split between Sunni and Shia – The Safavid Empire (Shi’a) and the Ottoman Empire (Sunni) fought over both political territory and religious legitimacy, deepening the divide