Untitled Flashcards Set

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

MIDTERM LESSONS and COVERAGE

19^th Century Chapter 5

Significance of advancements in science and technology led to the development of new scientific disciplines such as:

anthropology, archeology, cell biology, psychology, and organic chemistry.

Germany

· Centers for scientific research

· University of Gissen

o Justus von Liebig established chemistry research facility

· Developing due to liberalization of university teaching and concepts of Academic Freedom

· Wissenschaft: Science

· Followed romantic/non-experimental approaches

· Shifted to observable, physical phenomena (materialism) and through scientific knowledge (positivism)

France

· Led the World in scientific advancements

· Ecole Polytechnique

· Auguste Comte (positivist) – science as a pinnacle of knowledge

· Knowledge was produced by science (sociology)

England

· Scientific research still followed 18^th century

· Establishment of Technical Schools “Mechanic Institutes”

United States

· Practical science over theoretical sciences due to immigration

· Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison are key people

· American Association for Advancement of Science

Ernst Mach – introduced concepts that are followed by Albert Einstein

· Critiqued Newtonian theory

o Objects resist change (inertia) due to the gravitational pull of other masses

The term “scientist” was coined by William Whewell – it meant a person studying or an expert in natural or physical sciences

Replaced the term natural philosopher

SCIENTIFIC LEARNING ANF ADVCANCEMENTS

Charles Darwin – Theorized the idea of evolution and natural selection which received backlash and criticism

· Earth’s was much older than the beliefs of the religious groups

· Darwin believed humans evolved from animals and monkeys are the closest relatives

· The theory was accepted later on due to knowledge from:

Biology, astronomy, molecular biology, biogeography, fossils, and direct observation.

Germany – had technical colleges and was deemed a chemical industry.

· Leader in theoretical chemistry

Antoine Lavoisier and Nicholas Leblanc – discoveries in France impacted chemical research

DEVELOPMENTS:

Cathode-ray tubes and superior vacuum pump – allowed for milestones in physics

Electromagnetism – let to breakthroughs such as the telegraph and telephone

Electricity and Magnetism

· Michael Faraday led groundwork for understanding electricity and magnetism

· James Clerk Maxwell developed the comprehensive theoretical framework know as Maxwell’s Equations

Understanding Fossils

· It is the preserved ancient life forms of the world. Helps us understand history

· Mary Anning (british) provided key evidence for the evolution theory

Cell Theory

· Basic units of life

· The concept was developed by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

· Led to advances in biology and medicine

· Johannes Evangelista Purkinje helped create modern understanding of the  eye, brain , heart function, and composition of cells.

The Telegraph

· Samuel Morse credited with the invention of the telegraph system and Morse Code - which enabled long distance communication

The computer

· Automated computation

· The Analytical Engine was designed to compute calculations

· Charles Babbage “father of the computer”

Organic Chemistry

· August Kekulé - organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic materials

· Friedrich Wöhler – proposed the structure of benzene crucial in chemical industries 

Field Theories

· Mathematical descriptions of how forces like gravity and electromagnetism operate

· James Clerk Maxwell developed the electromagnetic field theory which lead to advancements in radio, television, and radar

Electromagnetic Waves

· Henrich Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves and established the foundation for wireless communication

Thermodynamics and Temperature Measurement

· Baron Kelvin and William Thomson developed the Kelvin temperature scale and the concept of absolute zero

The Theory of Evolution

· proposed by Charles Darwin and wrote On the Origin of Species

Laws of Heredity

· Gregor Johann Mendel “father of modern genetics” established rules of heredity – Mendelian Inheritance

· A systematic framework to predict hereditary traits from parents to offspring

Intellectual and Technological Property

· Legal rights to protect inventor’s creations

· UK – First Patent Law (1624)

· US – Patent Act (1790) – incentivized innovation

Bubonic Plague Vaccine

· Baron Shiba Saburo Kitasato - bacterium caused the plague during an outbreak in Hong-Kong

· Developed a vaccine

The Periodic Table

· Dimitri Mendeleev - organized the basic elements by their properties

· A systematic framework for studying matter

The Germ Theory of Disease

· Louis Pasteur – argues that bacteria cause diseases

· Robert Koch – proved specific microbes caused diseases

· Ignaz Philip Semmelweis – pioneered antiseptic procedures and introduced hand washing methods as prevention

Lights and Lighting

· Electric lighting improved daily lives and public safety.

· Humphry Davy – invented the arc lamp one of the earliest kinds of light

· Thomas Eddison – developed the first practical and long-lasting lightbulb

The Turbine

· Charles Parsons - highly efficient engines that revolutionized power and transport

The Radio

· Guglielmo Marconi – developed the first transatlantic radio signal

· Enabled wireless transmission over long distances

Photography

· Joseph Nicéphore Niépce – development of media, films, movies, and digital photography

The Bell Telephone

· Alexander Graham Bell – invented the telephone which allowed for real time direct conversation and communication.

THE FEMININE BRAIN

The term is often used to discuss gender differences in brain structure.

Misconceptions about the intellectual capabilities of women

Used to justify popular misconceptions and representation in the field of science and technology

· Gustave Le Bon – derogatory comparisons on the brain sizes of women and gorillas

· Generalized their inferiority

· William Withers Moore (President of the British Medical Association) – warned about overeducating women it would lead to “anorexia scholastica” – immoral, insane, asexual

These claims hindered progress and contributions of women in science and technology