AP Government Full Review
AP GOV Full Review
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Foundation of American Democracy - Unit 1
- Natural rights - fundamental rights of all humans (not given by government)
- Social Contract - People create a government to protect natural rights
- Popular sovereignty - people are a source of governmental power
- Limited government - a constitution restricts governmental authority
- Republicanism - representative form where people choose representatives to make policy
- Participatory democracy - board participation and active role in politics and civil society
- Pluralist democracy-group based strive to impact political decision making
- Elite Democracy - emphasizes limited citizen participation in higher-order people
- Federalist no 10 - A large republic is the best way to control the adverse effects of factions
- Brutus no.1 - warned against excessive federal power and preferred state and local policymaking
- Shays rebellion - weak federal response shifted public opinion towards a stronger central government
- Great Compromise - bicameral legislature, house based on population, senate 2 per state, revenue bills originate in the house
- Electoral College - selects president; some wanted a direct election, others wanted Congress to choose the president
- ⅗ compromise - an enslaved person would count as ⅗ of a person for congressional representation purposes
- Importation of enslaved people - The slave trade couldn’t be banned for 20 years
- Amendment process- ⅔ of both houses of Congress to propose, ¾ states to ratify
- Federalists - supported the new constitution, favored a stronger central government
- Anti-Federalists - opposed constitution favored states' rights, demanded a bill of rights
- Separation of powers - Each branch is assigned specific powers, therefore each branch has limited power
- Checks and balances - Each branch can limit/block/influence the actions of other branches
- Federalist No.51 - established the separation of powers and checks and balances
- Federalism - Division of power between national, state, and local governments
- Dynamic federalism - The relationship between the federal and states has changed over time (the power of the national gov increased, and state power has decreased)
- Delegated powers - given to the federal gov
- Reserved Powers- kept by the state
- 10th amendment - all power not given to the federal gov or states are reserved to the state or the people
- Concurrent Powers - held by both the federal government and states
- Dual federalism - States and federal each supreme in their open sphere of power, with no overlap
- Cooperative federalism - Federal and states share responsibilities, costs, and administration policies
- Categorical Grants - federal money to states for a specific purpose, may have conditions of ai/incentives
- Block grants - Federal money to states for use within a broad area, more freedom to states
- Federal revenue sharing - Federal money to states with little or no strings attached(ended in 1986)
- Mandates - Rules that the state must follow, whether gov provides money or not
- Big Picture Idea - Grants have increased national power by allowing Congress to influence state policies
- Supremacy clause - Federal laws are superior to state laws, then they come into conflict
- Necessary and Proper clause - expands federal power. Congress can make NandP laws for executing their enumerated powers.
- Enumerated powers - directly written in the constitution(explicit)
- Implied Powers - Congress has powers not directly written based on necessary and proper clause
- McCulloch v. Maryland(1819) - states cannot tax the national government(supremacy clause says national gov is bigger)
- Commerce clause- congress can regulate anything affecting interstate commerce, which used to be weaker
- U.S. V Lopez(1995) - Struck down the federal gun-free school zones act (commerce clause and 10tham)