Knowt
history
IMPERIALISM
LESSON 1
→ what is it?
Process where one nation gets polltical, social, economical control over another nation. (weaker nation)
→ Motivations for European Nationalism
European Nationalism
Industrial Revolution
Missionary ACtivity
EUROPEANS IN SOUTHEAST ÁSIA
→ Already possessed territories.
Traveled to sountost asia for spices
(DUTCH WERE FIRST)
Britain → 1819, British colony was founded and became an important port → SINGADORE
(the city of the
lion)
SIAM (HhOiland)
was the only S.E ASian country to keep its
FREEDOM
France → 1883, entered vietnam, making it a
protectorate
→ Forms of imperial rule
Colonies
Protectorates
Spheres of influence
COLONIZATION
→ a country sets up a government in a far land and rules areas.
(for its own nation)
PROTECTORATE
→ local ruler run government, but take orders from imperial countries.
(Puppet states)
SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
→ imperial country has exclusive trading with the controlled region.
INDIA UNDER BRITISH RULE,
Raw materials transported by
RAILROADS.
- 1600, A MUSlIM grOUp (MOGULS) ruled India
Cheap British fabrics MADE
→ Power weakened.
flooded india.
Forced Indians to
IT
grow cotton.
TAKEOVER
what did they do?
• Taxed people heavily
INDIA
• Wasted money on wars & palaces
enouga.
Forced Hindus to accept Isiam
MILLIONS OF INDIANS DIED OF STARVATION
Raj → British rule in India (ruier)
England's most prized colony "Jewel in the
crown"
NATIONALISM IN INDIA"
SEPOYS
indian soldiers
Distrust grew between India & Britain
Indian soldiers revolted against British officers.
RESULTED IN BRITISH MASSACRE
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS → Indian business & professionalIsti
leaders forted this political group.
FAILED TD, GAINED INDEPENDENCEEUROPEAN COL
LESSON
→ What caused it?
Africa nas a lot of natural resources, leading to European Imperialists to take advantage
NORTH AFRICA
European business developed in Egypt suez canal → construcyptia uropeans.
→ LINKED TO:
Mediterranean seal
Red sea
→ rude route
→ Britain took control of it
BOERS
FARMERS
AFFECTION OF IMPERIALISM
LoW wages
Taxes in cash
African
traditions declined
School tought
the that
" Europeans do it best "
EURODE ANS IN AFRICA
Britain, France, Germany, Itaw, Belgium, Portugal, Spain.
- LIBERIA Only free country in west Africa
(INSPIRED OTHER NATIONS)
CENTRAL & EAST AFRICA
Europe controlled it when:
→ King LeOpOld 11 OF BeIgiUm claIMed MOst
of congo
COULDN'T
RULE
→ under his rure, congolese were forced to work on rubber plantations.
African
He was forced to turn in the government
National A
to the Belgian government.
conoress | G
- Italians tried to control Ethiopia but failed for Black rights.
INDEPENDENT
SOUTH AFRICA AND THE BOER WAR
- DUTCH settiers founded CARE TOWN"
BECAME KNOWN AS BOERS
Britain took the Dutch femtory and renamed it to cape colony.
To escape British rule, the boers Moved in land. Theynowed their new SettleMentS → ORANGE FREE STATE 8
THE TRANSVAAL
• GOVERNED By Cecil Rhodes
gowner of gold & diamords.
British discovered Gold & diamonds in the TRANSVAAL, enodes took territory
war erupted in 1899, and Boers lost. the war (3 years later).
Britisn used a train.
* Boers Launched roids ond useo
5914014 1 011900,
- 1910 → union of south Africa.)
who ruled it?
"Boers & British settlers.
CAMERICA e AFRICA
needed to join" for raw materials
- Theodore Roosevelt CU.S PRESIDENT)
a Built canal across panama.
> Panama was partof colombia, but then gained independance with help of U.s10:07 4
IMPERIALISM IN CHINA
LESSON 2
China was rued by the Ging Dynasty Europeans wanted were contacr and trade with Ching - After Industrial
revolution
Britian 0e-000 10 Bell OPUM in Chint
Ly DRUG
→ why?
to create more demands
to avoid spending gold 8 silver cor Chinese products.
→ NO MORE OPIUM SALE OR USE IN CHINA
BY 1838
→ due to the high-intake and affection
in perforimance
OPIUM WAR
→ 1839, china destroyeda British
Ship full of oplum.
chinese were forced to surrender due to lack of weapons. (1839-1942)
GAS A RESULT, China gave them MONG KONG
Europeans won the right to bypass chinese laws and live under their own laws → what is this called?
EXTRATERRITORIALITY
- other countries wanted same privileges → more unequal treaties.
REVOLT SWEEPS CHINA
• severe weather nigh taxes
- Crops follled (Food Shortage)
"NATIONALISTS" wanted to remove all foreigners
THE U.S
wanted an OPEN DOOR POLICY
7 KEEP CHINA OPEN FOR TRADE WITH ALL COUNTRIES
SUN YET SOALE
TOKe over Chino s
preparepeople for self - ruie
create a constitution e, democracy
After nis failed aterpt, he came back to rebund the nationalist party, and formed an army with Chiang kai -shek.
He then died, and Chiang set up the nationalist party.
TAIPING REBELLIONE
Hong xiquan → a religious leader
that organized the Tai Ping rebellion.
→ His goal was to ruin thie Sung chip
→ EUROPEANS HELPED HIM
BOXER REBELLION
→ what is it ? ((800-1000)
An ant - imperialism wovewent that wants to expel foreigners from Chino
"FOREIGN DEVILS"
Foreign powers DEFEATED the boxer rebellions
CHINA'S 1911 REVOLUTION
DR. SUN YAT -SEN
young medical doctor
founded the movement * Natonalist
Founded the republic of
Party**
China based on
- NATIONALISM
FLED TO JAPAN.
- LIBERALISM
AFTER HIS
- PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD
FAILED
ATTEMPT
> THEY DID NOT HAVE MILITARY OR POLITICAL SUPPORT.
→ Asked the Head of chinese army
Yuan Shikar But he betroyed & took corte
Ching broke out into a civil war.1
APERIALISH IN SAPAN
LESSON 2
Japan is an archipelago
a a group of islands
Tapanese were considered wester barbarians
westerns considered japanese uncivilized
Ser opedi her ies cordingTed
neir innentance status
JAPAN DEVELOPED IN ISOLATION
• The takuawa Shoguns deveroped /centralized
FEUDALISM and closed Japan to foreigners
• Discontent grew as the DAIMYO B SAMURAI suffered financial haraship.
* COERUPTION DECOME COMMON
MATHEW PERRK
GEND OF
L Us fleet commander
ISOLATION )
tHe toid the us fleet to go to Japan-tokyo and dewand that they open its ports
BAY
DAPANESE Did not want foreigners
In JAPAN
SHOGUNATE
vera wnere
shoguns were in power
MEIJI
→ enlightened emperor
JAPAN LAUNCHED"
A SURPRISE ATTACK ON
PORT ARTHUR→
CHIN
JAPAN WANTED KOREA TO INVADE AND CONQUERI (CHINA?
→ SHOGUN OPENED TIO PORTS, GRANTED THE USA RIGHTS OF TRADE, AS WELL AS EUROPEANS.
-only the Dutch were allowed limited trade at
NAGA SAIT
- By isto, Japan let coreigners to trade
TREATY OF CANAGOWA
HEITI RULE
MUTUSUHITO
NEW EMPEROR (15 YEAES OLD>
1867- MEJI RESTORATION
› era wnen lapant gow
moderize 1 polnoa!
economic, and sodal sirches
"A RICH COUNTRY, STRONG MILITARY"
- industry grew rapily
It nod a strung sense of notarol identity and a hamagenos sauley
emperor moved the capital from kyoto to Edo, renamed as TOkyo
Forced korea to open its ports
Needed resources
Competition /war with China for korea - JAPAN WON EASILY
GROWTH OF JAPAN'S EMPIRE
Japan went to war with RUslA over
MANCHURIA
- Japan agreed to acept Russia's nont oNlY if they stayed out of korea
L RUSSIA REFUSED -T RUSSO - JAPANESE
WAR
JAPAN WON
WORLD POWER3
WAR IN EUROPE
LESSON 3
→ what are causes of conflict?:
- Naronaten
Imperialism
Miltorist
NATIONALISM
→ what is it?
pride 8 devotion to one's country
→ LEADO TO COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIONS
IMPERIALISM
→ what is it?
when a nation gets political, social and economical control over a weaker nation
→ LEADS TO COMPETITION OF COLONIES
MILITARISM
→ what is it?
policy of glorifying military power, preparing army for war.
- Enormous armies were formed by
GERMANY, FRANCE, RUSSIA.
RULES".
Always be ready cor war
Glorify military power
Get more soldiers
Get more guns
Europeans wore,
upifonus even If they
weren't part of it
AHacked firSt Y TOOK TIME TO MOBILIZE
TROOPS
CONSCRIPTION
"enlisament cor
rilitary service
ALLIANCES
→ Agreement to operate as a team with certain countries
TRIAPLE ALLIANCE; - Germany
AUStria Hungary
FRIPLE ENTENTED
pritoin
France
- The porpuse of alliances ips to keep
DEACE (BALANCE POWER)
Europe's alliauces created danger
(TROUBLE IN THE BALKANS)
Austria- Hungary used Imparialism to control several swayer natans cared in the BALKANS.
Many nations of the Balkans were controved
Dy stronger nations.
→ SERBIA WAS ONE OF THESE NATIONS AND DIDN'T LIKE IT
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND OF AUSTRIA -HUNGARY AND HIS WIFE WERE ASSASINATED BY A
SERBIAN NATIQUALISE
→ CAUSED A CHAIN- REACTION DUE TO ALLANCES
WAR BREAKS OUT IN EUROPE
- RUSSIa (serbia's ally) began mobilization:
FRANCE SUppOrtEd RUSSia
- Germany (austria-hungary's ally) declared wor on france
by on their way dhey invased BELGIUM.
(neutral)UAR BREAES OUT N EadorE
LESSON
TRENCHES
→ hole in the ground
- BRITAIN SAPpOrIS BELGIUM and declares
War On GERMANY
WORLD WAR 1 BEGINS
westem front of wwi was the battlezone between GERMANY & FRANCE
STALEMATE
a situation which further action is blocked
- Schlifen plan → a german plan to invade
←
France through Belgium
DID NOT WORK OUT FOR THE GERMANS
U-BOATS
• Gentan
Subraring
- RUSSIAN & SERBS VS. GERMANS, AUSTRIANS 8
TURKS
- Eastern front was mobile
RUSSIA LOSES STRENGHTH
BLOCKADE
oBlock ofan area + from recieving
TANKS AND PLANES
- 9000/s and
-WERE USED TO FIGHT
supplies
NEAR DEFEAT
did not nave appropriate supplies
- Germans & turks stopped supply routes to Russia Russias large population repuild troop loses and forced Germans to fight
GERMANY NOW IS GETTING ATTACKED FROM THE
WEST & EAST
TRENCHES were dug along France's. Eastern
border with Germany = western fronr
BECOMES A DEADLY AREA
Neither of the sides made wilitary asivances.
soldiers would get killed if they left trenches
protected by BAReN
Es 6 ang
LE CAUSES A STALEMATE/STANDOFF SOR
13 years!
NEW WEAPONS: I. MACHINE GUNS
POISON GAS
SUBMARINES
AIRPLANES
S. TANES
SUBMARINE WARFARE
L U-BOATS (GERMANS)
German submarines
could stay up to t weeks without needing supplies
Easily damaged at first
Sneaky and effective
Blocka de
WEAPONS OF WAR
L TEAR GAS (FRENCH)
→ CHLORINE GAS (GERHANS)
BLINDNESS
VONITTING
SLOW, PAINFUL DEATH
→ MUSTARD GAS
12 HOURS FOR EFFECT
LETHAL
ODORLESS
BURNED SKIN-ERES-
INTERNAL BLEEDING
4-5 WEEKS TO DIEWORLO WAR 1 BRINGS CHANGES → LESSON 4
L IN LATE 10,17, the ALLIes were in need of
America's help
Ly FRAME, RUSSIA, BRITAIN
NOVEMBER 11, 1918, GERMANY SIGNED AN ARMISTICE
ENDING- THE WAR
CEASE -FIRE
EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR
Economic and demographic disaster
Decline in population numbers
European industry reduced
Agriculture declined
countries in debt
> THE USA'S ECONOMY AT THAT TIME WAS THE MOST POWERFUL
CONSEQUENCES POST- WAR
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE ESCAPED FROM THEIR COUNTRIES
1.5 MILLION ARMENIANS KILLED BY TURKS
CIVILIANS DIED FROM HUNGER AND FLU
HOMES DESTROYED
(THE PEACE OF PARIS 1919
- Losing countries nad to peace trèaties
GBY FRANCE, ITALY, UK, US.
TREATY OF VERSATILES.
>MOST IMPORTANT
→ SIGNED ON 28 JUNE 19/9
→ Consisted of 440 ARTICLES
→ GERMANS WERE NOT HAPPY.
LEAGUE OF NATIOWS
Gmembers in an organization
working to prevent future wars
THE BIG 3:
1. Tiger (FRANCE)
→ was reaily wanting revenge
2. PM OF BRITAIN
→ Middle of the road
3. WOODROW WILSON CUSA
Ly idealist
→ recognized how important
GERMANY is to the world
L wanted peace
→ President
7ade league of Nations
TREATY OF VERSATILES
→ GERMANY WOULD HAVE TO REBUILO AND PAY ALL THE WAR EXPENSES ON WINNING NATIONS.
→ THIS A WAY TO WEAKEN GERMANY , L GERMANY WAS FORCED TO SIGN THE
TREATY
> THIS TREATY PARTIALLY ALLOWED THE
RISE OF NAZIS IN WW2
EUROPE'S MAP POST- WAR
GERMANY AND RUSSIA LOST LAND.
'AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'NO LONGER EXISTS
BRITAIN & FRANCE MADE BOUNDARIESOTTOMAN EMPIRE BREAKUP
→ ALLIED POWERS BROKE THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
→ ONLY "TURKEY" REMAINED
←
TURKEY BECAME A REPUBLIC KEMAL) →→ FATHER OF ATATURK
BECAMEPRESIDENT
MANDATE
SYSTEM
→ legal status for certain territories transferred frow the control of one country to another
→ THE WAR WORSENED THE POOBLEMS
INSIDE RUSSIA.
→ CZAR NICHOLAS RULER OF RUSSIA)
WAS UNABLE TO DEAL WITH THESE PROBLEMS.
LAS A RESULT, RUSSIAN PEOPLE
TURNED AGAINST HIM → ECIVIL WAR
SOVIETS
→ made up of workers
Civil war between
and peasents fro
1. THE WHITES
POST WWI - MIDDLE EAST
different social groups
2. THE REDS
BOTH
- MAY 1916, RUSSIA, FRANCE AND BRITAIN
KILLED
ReOS: - COMMUNISTS
MADE A SECRET AGREEMENT
BOLSHIEVKS
AND
- COMMUNIST LEADERCTROTSKY.
→ DISREGARDED THE PROMISE OF
BURNT
ORGANIZED THE RED ARMY.
INDE PENDANCE TO ARABS
CIVILLIANS
whites: - POLITICAL OPPONENTS OF
- FRANCE & BRITAIN WANTED TO TAKE
THE REDS
CONTROL OF THE MIDDLE EAST
- PROMISED TO BRING RUSSIA BACK TO WWI
-FRANCE: TOOK SYRIA AND LEBANON
- THE ALLIES SENT THEM HELP
BRITAIN: TOOK IRAQ, JORDAN AND PALESTINE
1921
→ NEW TERRITORIES CALLED MANDATES
→ whites gave UP.
→ THE ARABS FELT NO LOYALT TO THEIR MANDATES.
→ HAD A STRONG SENSE OF NATIONALISM
1BN SAUD → LEADER, UNITED MOST OF THE
LEADER
Lenin and the communist (reds) rule.
ARABIAN PENINSULA,
→ FOUNDED SAUDIARABIÀ
→ GREW
THEIR
(VIadmir Lenin→ SOVIET RUSSIA
WANTED
- Russian worker *SOVIETS) → EQUALI
→ EQUALITY FOR
HEALTHY
- MOSt Radical group → BOLSHEVIKS
DUE TO OIL
Bolshievks believed they covid use force
LENIN BECAME HEAD OF A NEW GOV. SOLUESIA
Imperialism Overview
Definition: Imperialism is the process by which one nation exerts political, social, and economic control over another, usually weaker nation.
Motivations for European Imperialism
European Nationalism: National pride and competition drove nations to expand.
Industrial Revolution: Increased demand for raw materials led to overseas expansion.
Missionary Activity: Europeans aimed to spread their religion and culture.
Europeans in Southeast Asia
Dutch Colonization: The Dutch were the first to establish control over Southeast Asia due to the spice trade.
British Influence: In 1819, Britain founded the colony of Singapore, crucial for trade.
French Expansion: By 1883, France had established a protectorate in Vietnam.
Siam's Independence: Siam (modern-day Thailand) was the only Southeast Asian nation to maintain its sovereignty during this period.
Forms of Imperial Rule
Colonies: Direct control and governance by an imperial nation.
Protectorates: Local rulers maintain their position but must follow the directives of the imperial power.
Spheres of Influence: An area where a foreign nation has exclusive trading and investment rights.
Case Study: India under British Rule
Mughal Rule Decline: By the 1600s, the Mughal Empire (a Muslim group) weakened, allowing British influence to grow.
Economic Exploitation: British textiles flooded the market, weakening local industries and forcing Indian farmers to grow cash crops like cotton.
Revolt and Backlash: Heavy taxation and exploitative practices led to widespread discontent and revolts, notably the Sepoy Rebellion.
Formation of the Indian National Congress: Founded by Indian professionals to push for greater independence, ultimately leading to the struggle for self-rule.
European Competition in Africa
Colonial Exploitation: Africa's rich natural resources attracted European powers, leading to exploitative practices and significant disruption of local traditions.
Liberia: The only African nation to remain independent, serving as a model for other nations.
Boer Wars: Conflict arose in South Africa as British settlers (Boers) fought against British control, leading to a significant shift in governance to include both Boer and British settlers.
Imperialism in China
Opium Wars (1839-1842): British trade of opium led to conflict with China, resulting in significant territorial concessions to European powers.
Extraterrestrial Rights: Foreign powers established rights to bypass Chinese laws.
Taiping and Boxer Rebellions: Nationalist uprisings arose in response to foreign domination.
Conclusion
The impacts of imperialism were profound and lasting, leading to significant political changes, economic exploitation, and nationalist movements in subjected nations.
