history

IMPERIALISM

LESSON 1

→ what is it?

Process where one nation gets polltical, social, economical control over another nation. (weaker nation)

→ Motivations for European Nationalism

1. European Nationalism

2. Industrial Revolution

3. Missionary ACtivity

EUROPEANS IN SOUTHEAST ÁSIA

→ Already possessed territories.

Traveled to sountost asia for spices

(DUTCH WERE FIRST)

Britain → 1819, British colony was founded and became an important port → SINGADORE

(the city of the

lion)

SIAM (HhOiland)

was the only S.E ASian country to keep its

FREEDOM

France → 1883, entered vietnam, making it a

protectorate

→ Forms of imperial rule

1. Colonies

2. Protectorates

3. Spheres of influence

COLONIZATION

→ a country sets up a government in a far land and rules areas.

(for its own nation)

PROTECTORATE

→ local ruler run government, but take orders from imperial countries.

(Puppet states)

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

→ imperial country has exclusive trading with the controlled region.

INDIA UNDER BRITISH RULE,

Raw materials transported by

RAILROADS.

- 1600, A MUSlIM grOUp (MOGULS) ruled India

Cheap British fabrics MADE

→ Power weakened.

flooded india.

Forced Indians to

IT

grow cotton.

TAKEOVER

what did they do?

• Taxed people heavily

INDIA

• Wasted money on wars & palaces

enouga.

Forced Hindus to accept Isiam

MILLIONS OF INDIANS DIED OF STARVATION

• Raj → British rule in India (ruier)

• England's most prized colony "Jewel in the

crown"

NATIONALISM IN INDIA"

SEPOYS

indian soldiers

Distrust grew between India & Britain

Indian soldiers revolted against British officers.

RESULTED IN BRITISH MASSACRE

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS → Indian business & professionalIsti

leaders forted this political group.

FAILED TD, GAINED INDEPENDENCEEUROPEAN COL

LESSON

→ What caused it?

Africa nas a lot of natural resources, leading to European Imperialists to take advantage

NORTH AFRICA

European business developed in Egypt suez canal → construcyptia uropeans.

→ LINKED TO:

• Mediterranean seal

• Red sea

→ rude route

→ Britain took control of it

BOERS

FARMERS

AFFECTION OF IMPERIALISM

• LoW wages

• Taxes in cash

African

traditions declined

School tought

the that

" Europeans do it best "

EURODE ANS IN AFRICA

Britain, France, Germany, Itaw, Belgium, Portugal, Spain.

- LIBERIA Only free country in west Africa

(INSPIRED OTHER NATIONS)

CENTRAL & EAST AFRICA

Europe controlled it when:

→ King LeOpOld 11 OF BeIgiUm claIMed MOst

of congo

COULDN'T

RULE

→ under his rure, congolese were forced to work on rubber plantations.

African

He was forced to turn in the government

National A

to the Belgian government.

conoress | G

- Italians tried to control Ethiopia but failed for Black rights.

INDEPENDENT

SOUTH AFRICA AND THE BOER WAR

- DUTCH settiers founded CARE TOWN"

BECAME KNOWN AS BOERS

• Britain took the Dutch femtory and renamed it to cape colony.

• To escape British rule, the boers Moved in land. Theynowed their new SettleMentS → ORANGE FREE STATE 8

THE TRANSVAAL

• GOVERNED By Cecil Rhodes

gowner of gold & diamords.

• British discovered Gold & diamonds in the TRANSVAAL, enodes took territory

• war erupted in 1899, and Boers lost. the war (3 years later).

Britisn used a train.

* Boers Launched roids ond useo

5914014 1 011900,

- 1910 → union of south Africa.)

who ruled it?

"Boers & British settlers.

CAMERICA e AFRICA

needed to join" for raw materials

- Theodore Roosevelt CU.S PRESIDENT)

a Built canal across panama.

> Panama was partof colombia, but then gained independance with help of U.s10:07 4

IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

LESSON 2

China was rued by the Ging Dynasty Europeans wanted were contacr and trade with Ching - After Industrial

revolution

Britian 0e-000 10 Bell OPUM in Chint

Ly DRUG

→ why?

• to create more demands

• to avoid spending gold 8 silver cor Chinese products.

→ NO MORE OPIUM SALE OR USE IN CHINA

BY 1838

→ due to the high-intake and affection

in perforimance

OPIUM WAR

→ 1839, china destroyeda British

Ship full of oplum.

chinese were forced to surrender due to lack of weapons. (1839-1942)

GAS A RESULT, China gave them MONG KONG

Europeans won the right to bypass chinese laws and live under their own laws → what is this called?

EXTRATERRITORIALITY

- other countries wanted same privileges → more unequal treaties.

REVOLT SWEEPS CHINA

• severe weather nigh taxes

- Crops follled (Food Shortage)

"NATIONALISTS" wanted to remove all foreigners

THE U.S

wanted an OPEN DOOR POLICY

7 KEEP CHINA OPEN FOR TRADE WITH ALL COUNTRIES

SUN YET SOALE

1. TOKe over Chino s

2. preparepeople for self - ruie

3. create a constitution e, democracy

• After nis failed aterpt, he came back to rebund the nationalist party, and formed an army with Chiang kai -shek.

• He then died, and Chiang set up the nationalist party.

TAIPING REBELLIONE

Hong xiquan → a religious leader

that organized the Tai Ping rebellion.

→ His goal was to ruin thie Sung chip

→ EUROPEANS HELPED HIM

BOXER REBELLION

→ what is it ? ((800-1000)

An ant - imperialism wovewent that wants to expel foreigners from Chino

"FOREIGN DEVILS"

Foreign powers DEFEATED the boxer rebellions

CHINA'S 1911 REVOLUTION

DR. SUN YAT -SEN

• young medical doctor

• founded the movement * Natonalist

• Founded the republic of

Party**

China based on

- NATIONALISM

FLED TO JAPAN.

- LIBERALISM

AFTER HIS

- PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD

FAILED

ATTEMPT

> THEY DID NOT HAVE MILITARY OR POLITICAL SUPPORT.

→ Asked the Head of chinese army

Yuan Shikar But he betroyed & took corte

Ching broke out into a civil war.1

APERIALISH IN SAPAN

LESSON 2

Japan is an archipelago

a a group of islands

• Tapanese were considered wester barbarians

• westerns considered japanese uncivilized

Ser opedi her ies cordingTed

neir innentance status

JAPAN DEVELOPED IN ISOLATION

• The takuawa Shoguns deveroped /centralized

FEUDALISM and closed Japan to foreigners

• Discontent grew as the DAIMYO B SAMURAI suffered financial haraship.

* COERUPTION DECOME COMMON

MATHEW PERRK

GEND OF

L Us fleet commander

ISOLATION )

tHe toid the us fleet to go to Japan-tokyo and dewand that they open its ports

BAY

DAPANESE Did not want foreigners

In JAPAN

SHOGUNATE

vera wnere

shoguns were in power

MEIJI

→ enlightened emperor

JAPAN LAUNCHED"

A SURPRISE ATTACK ON

PORT ARTHUR→

CHIN

JAPAN WANTED KOREA TO INVADE AND CONQUERI (CHINA?

→ SHOGUN OPENED TIO PORTS, GRANTED THE USA RIGHTS OF TRADE, AS WELL AS EUROPEANS.

-only the Dutch were allowed limited trade at

NAGA SAIT

- By isto, Japan let coreigners to trade

TREATY OF CANAGOWA

HEITI RULE

• MUTUSUHITO

• NEW EMPEROR (15 YEAES OLD>

• 1867- MEJI RESTORATION

› era wnen lapant gow

moderize 1 polnoa!

economic, and sodal sirches

"A RICH COUNTRY, STRONG MILITARY"

- industry grew rapily

It nod a strung sense of notarol identity and a hamagenos sauley

• emperor moved the capital from kyoto to Edo, renamed as TOkyo

• Forced korea to open its ports

• Needed resources

• Competition /war with China for korea - JAPAN WON EASILY

GROWTH OF JAPAN'S EMPIRE

Japan went to war with RUslA over

MANCHURIA

- Japan agreed to acept Russia's nont oNlY if they stayed out of korea

L RUSSIA REFUSED -T RUSSO - JAPANESE

WAR

JAPAN WON

WORLD POWER3

WAR IN EUROPE

LESSON 3

→ what are causes of conflict?:

- Naronaten

Imperialism

Miltorist

NATIONALISM

→ what is it?

pride 8 devotion to one's country

→ LEADO TO COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIONS

IMPERIALISM

→ what is it?

when a nation gets political, social and economical control over a weaker nation

→ LEADS TO COMPETITION OF COLONIES

MILITARISM

→ what is it?

policy of glorifying military power, preparing army for war.

- Enormous armies were formed by

GERMANY, FRANCE, RUSSIA.

RULES".

• Always be ready cor war

• Glorify military power

• Get more soldiers

• Get more guns

Europeans wore,

upifonus even If they

weren't part of it

AHacked firSt Y TOOK TIME TO MOBILIZE

TROOPS

CONSCRIPTION

"enlisament cor

rilitary service

ALLIANCES

→ Agreement to operate as a team with certain countries

TRIAPLE ALLIANCE; - Germany

AUStria Hungary

FRIPLE ENTENTED

pritoin

France

- The porpuse of alliances ips to keep

DEACE (BALANCE POWER)

Europe's alliauces created danger

(TROUBLE IN THE BALKANS)

• Austria- Hungary used Imparialism to control several swayer natans cared in the BALKANS.

• Many nations of the Balkans were controved

Dy stronger nations.

→ SERBIA WAS ONE OF THESE NATIONS AND DIDN'T LIKE IT

ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND OF AUSTRIA -HUNGARY AND HIS WIFE WERE ASSASINATED BY A

SERBIAN NATIQUALISE

→ CAUSED A CHAIN- REACTION DUE TO ALLANCES

WAR BREAKS OUT IN EUROPE

- RUSSIa (serbia's ally) began mobilization:

FRANCE SUppOrtEd RUSSia

- Germany (austria-hungary's ally) declared wor on france

by on their way dhey invased BELGIUM.

(neutral)UAR BREAES OUT N EadorE

LESSON

TRENCHES

→ hole in the ground

- BRITAIN SAPpOrIS BELGIUM and declares

War On GERMANY

WORLD WAR 1 BEGINS

westem front of wwi was the battlezone between GERMANY & FRANCE

STALEMATE

a situation which further action is blocked

- Schlifen plan → a german plan to invade

←

France through Belgium

DID NOT WORK OUT FOR THE GERMANS

U-BOATS

• Gentan

Subraring

- RUSSIAN & SERBS VS. GERMANS, AUSTRIANS 8

TURKS

- Eastern front was mobile

RUSSIA LOSES STRENGHTH

BLOCKADE

oBlock ofan area + from recieving

TANKS AND PLANES

- 9000/s and

-WERE USED TO FIGHT

supplies

NEAR DEFEAT

did not nave appropriate supplies

- Germans & turks stopped supply routes to Russia Russias large population repuild troop loses and forced Germans to fight

GERMANY NOW IS GETTING ATTACKED FROM THE

WEST & EAST

TRENCHES were dug along France's. Eastern

border with Germany = western fronr

BECOMES A DEADLY AREA

• Neither of the sides made wilitary asivances.

• soldiers would get killed if they left trenches

protected by BAReN

Es 6 ang

LE CAUSES A STALEMATE/STANDOFF SOR

13 years!

NEW WEAPONS: I. MACHINE GUNS

1. POISON GAS

2. SUBMARINES

3. AIRPLANES

S. TANES

SUBMARINE WARFARE

L U-BOATS (GERMANS)

• German submarines

• could stay up to t weeks without needing supplies

• Easily damaged at first

• Sneaky and effective

• Blocka de

WEAPONS OF WAR

L TEAR GAS (FRENCH)

→ CHLORINE GAS (GERHANS)

• BLINDNESS

• VONITTING

• SLOW, PAINFUL DEATH

→ MUSTARD GAS

• 12 HOURS FOR EFFECT

• LETHAL

• ODORLESS

BURNED SKIN-ERES-

• INTERNAL BLEEDING

• 4-5 WEEKS TO DIEWORLO WAR 1 BRINGS CHANGES → LESSON 4

  L IN LATE 10,17, the ALLIes were in need of

  America's help

  Ly FRAME, RUSSIA, BRITAIN

  NOVEMBER 11, 1918, GERMANY SIGNED AN ARMISTICE

  ENDING- THE WAR

  CEASE -FIRE

  EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

  • Economic and demographic disaster

  • Decline in population numbers

  • European industry reduced

  • Agriculture declined

  • countries in debt

  > THE USA'S ECONOMY AT THAT TIME WAS THE MOST POWERFUL

  CONSEQUENCES POST- WAR

  • MILLIONS OF PEOPLE ESCAPED FROM THEIR COUNTRIES

  • 1.5 MILLION ARMENIANS KILLED BY TURKS

  • CIVILIANS DIED FROM HUNGER AND FLU

  HOMES DESTROYED

  (THE PEACE OF PARIS 1919

  - Losing countries nad to peace trèaties

  GBY FRANCE, ITALY, UK, US.

  TREATY OF VERSATILES.

  >MOST IMPORTANT

  → SIGNED ON 28 JUNE 19/9

  → Consisted of 440 ARTICLES

  → GERMANS WERE NOT HAPPY.

  LEAGUE OF NATIOWS

  Gmembers in an organization

  working to prevent future wars

  THE BIG 3:

  1. Tiger (FRANCE)

  → was reaily wanting revenge

  2. PM OF BRITAIN

  → Middle of the road

  3. WOODROW WILSON CUSA

  Ly idealist

  → recognized how important

  GERMANY is to the world

  L wanted peace

  → President

  7ade league of Nations

  TREATY OF VERSATILES

  → GERMANY WOULD HAVE TO REBUILO AND PAY ALL THE WAR EXPENSES ON WINNING NATIONS.

  → THIS A WAY TO WEAKEN GERMANY , L GERMANY WAS FORCED TO SIGN THE

  TREATY

  > THIS TREATY PARTIALLY ALLOWED THE

  RISE OF NAZIS IN WW2

  EUROPE'S MAP POST- WAR

  • GERMANY AND RUSSIA LOST LAND.

  • 'AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'NO LONGER EXISTS

  • BRITAIN & FRANCE MADE BOUNDARIESOTTOMAN EMPIRE BREAKUP

    → ALLIED POWERS BROKE THE

    OTTOMAN EMPIRE

    → ONLY "TURKEY" REMAINED

    ←

    TURKEY BECAME A REPUBLIC KEMAL) →→ FATHER OF ATATURK

    BECAMEPRESIDENT

    MANDATE

    SYSTEM

    → legal status for certain territories transferred frow the control of one country to another

    → THE WAR WORSENED THE POOBLEMS

    INSIDE RUSSIA.

    → CZAR NICHOLAS RULER OF RUSSIA)

    WAS UNABLE TO DEAL WITH THESE PROBLEMS.

    LAS A RESULT, RUSSIAN PEOPLE

    TURNED AGAINST HIM → ECIVIL WAR

    SOVIETS

    → made up of workers

    Civil war between

    and peasents fro

    1. THE WHITES

    POST WWI - MIDDLE EAST

    different social groups

    2. THE REDS

    BOTH

    - MAY 1916, RUSSIA, FRANCE AND BRITAIN

    KILLED

    ReOS: - COMMUNISTS

    MADE A SECRET AGREEMENT

    BOLSHIEVKS

    AND

    - COMMUNIST LEADERCTROTSKY.

    → DISREGARDED THE PROMISE OF

    BURNT

    ORGANIZED THE RED ARMY.

    INDE PENDANCE TO ARABS

    CIVILLIANS

    whites: - POLITICAL OPPONENTS OF

    - FRANCE & BRITAIN WANTED TO TAKE

    THE REDS

    CONTROL OF THE MIDDLE EAST

    - PROMISED TO BRING RUSSIA BACK TO WWI

    -FRANCE: TOOK SYRIA AND LEBANON

    - THE ALLIES SENT THEM HELP

    BRITAIN: TOOK IRAQ, JORDAN AND PALESTINE

    1921

    → NEW TERRITORIES CALLED MANDATES

    → whites gave UP.

    → THE ARABS FELT NO LOYALT TO THEIR MANDATES.

    → HAD A STRONG SENSE OF NATIONALISM

    1BN SAUD → LEADER, UNITED MOST OF THE

    LEADER

    Lenin and the communist (reds) rule.

    ARABIAN PENINSULA,

    → FOUNDED SAUDIARABIÀ

    → GREW

    THEIR

    (VIadmir Lenin→ SOVIET RUSSIA

    WANTED

    - Russian worker *SOVIETS) → EQUALI

    → EQUALITY FOR

    HEALTHY

    - MOSt Radical group → BOLSHEVIKS

    DUE TO OIL

    • Bolshievks believed they covid use force

    • LENIN BECAME HEAD OF A NEW GOV. SOLUESIA

Imperialism Overview

• Definition: Imperialism is the process by which one nation exerts political, social, and economic control over another, usually weaker nation.

Motivations for European Imperialism

• European Nationalism: National pride and competition drove nations to expand.

• Industrial Revolution: Increased demand for raw materials led to overseas expansion.

• Missionary Activity: Europeans aimed to spread their religion and culture.

Europeans in Southeast Asia

• Dutch Colonization: The Dutch were the first to establish control over Southeast Asia due to the spice trade.

• British Influence: In 1819, Britain founded the colony of Singapore, crucial for trade.

• French Expansion: By 1883, France had established a protectorate in Vietnam.

• Siam's Independence: Siam (modern-day Thailand) was the only Southeast Asian nation to maintain its sovereignty during this period.

Forms of Imperial Rule

1. Colonies: Direct control and governance by an imperial nation.

2. Protectorates: Local rulers maintain their position but must follow the directives of the imperial power.

3. Spheres of Influence: An area where a foreign nation has exclusive trading and investment rights.

Case Study: India under British Rule

• Mughal Rule Decline: By the 1600s, the Mughal Empire (a Muslim group) weakened, allowing British influence to grow.

• Economic Exploitation: British textiles flooded the market, weakening local industries and forcing Indian farmers to grow cash crops like cotton.

• Revolt and Backlash: Heavy taxation and exploitative practices led to widespread discontent and revolts, notably the Sepoy Rebellion.

• Formation of the Indian National Congress: Founded by Indian professionals to push for greater independence, ultimately leading to the struggle for self-rule.

European Competition in Africa

• Colonial Exploitation: Africa's rich natural resources attracted European powers, leading to exploitative practices and significant disruption of local traditions.

• Liberia: The only African nation to remain independent, serving as a model for other nations.

• Boer Wars: Conflict arose in South Africa as British settlers (Boers) fought against British control, leading to a significant shift in governance to include both Boer and British settlers.

Imperialism in China

• Opium Wars (1839-1842): British trade of opium led to conflict with China, resulting in significant territorial concessions to European powers.

• Extraterrestrial Rights: Foreign powers established rights to bypass Chinese laws.

• Taiping and Boxer Rebellions: Nationalist uprisings arose in response to foreign domination.

Conclusion

The impacts of imperialism were profound and lasting, leading to significant political changes, economic exploitation, and nationalist movements in subjected nations.