PPT_APUSH_Period_4

APUSH Period 4: 1800-1848

Jeffersonian Republic and Democratic-Republicans

The Election of 1800

• Republican Campaign Message:

  • Call to action against the Federalist party and the perceived tyranny of King George III.

  • Rallying for a return to true republicanism and governmental accountability.

• Key Figures: Jefferson and Clinton advocated for the Republicans over Federalists like John Adams.

The Significance of the Election of 1800

• Jefferson referred to the election as a "Revolution" signifying a peaceful transition of power between political parties.

• It marked the end of the Federalist era with John Adams as the last Federalist president.

The 12th Amendment (1804)

• Purpose:

  • Reaction to the complications from the Election of 1800.

  • Required electors to vote for one presidential candidate and one vice-presidential candidate from the same political party.

Strict vs. Loose Interpretation of the Constitution

• The divide was largely between Democratic-Republicans who favored strict interpretation and Federalists who endorsed a loose interpretation to expand federal powers.

Reversal of Federalist Policies

• Policies enacted by Jefferson:

  • Pardoned journalists convicted under the Sedition Act.

  • Restored the naturalization requirement to five years for citizenship.

  • Eliminated Hamilton's excise taxes and the graduated property tax.

  • Reduced national debt and size of the standing army.

  • Promoted state’s rights and agrarian development.

• Appointments: Jefferson appointed Democratic-Republicans to significant positions.

Continuation of Federalist Ideas

• Federalist Policies Retained:

  • Jefferson maintained most Federalist bureaucrats, continuing Hamiltonian financial policies, including:

    • Funding at par.

    • Assumption of state debts.

    • Continued support for the Bank of the United States.

    • Implemented protective tariffs (increased later).

Judiciary Act of 1801

• Context: A last-minute effort by Federalists to secure influence through the judiciary.

• Actions:

  • Created additional judge positions known as “midnight judges” filled by Adams before leaving office.

• Repeal: This act was repealed in 1802.

John Marshall and His Impact

• Served as Chief Justice for 34 years, shaping the Supreme Court's role in government.

Important Supreme Court Cases

• Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established the principle of Judicial Review, allowing the Supreme Court to invalidate laws that contradicted the Constitution.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): Additional cases reinforcing national authority over states and the role of the federal government.

The Legacy of the Marshall Court

• Marshall’s rulings asserted the power of the national government while establishing judicial precedent.

Events Surrounding the Louisiana Purchase

• Louisiana Purchase (1803): Acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the U.S., despite Federalist opposition claiming the lack of constitutional power to make such a purchase due to financial concerns.

International Issues and Conflicts

• Barbary Wars: America's first military engagements in overseas territory began with conflicts against Barbary pirates, asserting U.S. naval power.

• Problems with Britain & France:

  • Complications arose from the Napoleonic Wars, British impressment of American sailors, and the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807).

The Embargo Act of 1807

• Aimed at avoiding war by prohibiting American exports but led to economic disaster and inadvertently stimulated American manufacturing.

Jefferson's Legacy

• Efforts seen in expansion and the creation of a non-aristocratic government.

• By 1816, the Federalist party was essentially defeated and the U.S. remained mostly at peace.

Mnemonic Device to Remember Key Aspects of Jefferson's Administration

• HELM

  • H: Hamilton’s Plan

  • E: Embargo Act

  • L: Louisiana Purchase

  • M: Marbury v. Madison

James Madison's Presidency (1809-1817)

• Continuation of Jefferson’s policies.

• Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810): Lifted embargoes and sought to normalize trade relations.

• War of 1812: Caused by unresolved issues from before and during Jefferson's tenure.

The War of 1812

• Fought over British interference in American shipping and territorial expansion efforts.

Federalist Opposition and Decline

• The Hartford Convention discussed grievances against the war and potential secession, marking the decline of Federalist power.

The Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

• A period of national harmony post-War of 1812 under James Monroe, characterized by one-party rule and a sense of nationalism, albeit facing economic challenges and sectional tensions.

The Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Addressed the balance between free and slave states as Missouri requested admission to the Union.

• Maine was created as a free state to maintain the balance.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• U.S. foreign policy asserting opposition to any further European colonization in the Americas.

Growth of Nationalism

• Strengthened by the War of 1812 victories and diminished European influence allowing for westward expansion and solidifying American identity.

Age of Jackson (1824-1840)

• Political changes characterized by increased voter participation and the emergence of the Democratic Party.

• Election of 1824: Accusations of a “Corrupt Bargain” when John Q. Adams secured the presidency over Andrew Jackson through House intervention.

Second Great Awakening

• Religious revivalism leading to social reforms, including abolitionism and women's rights.

Reform Movements

• Included temperance, education reforms, women's rights activism, and utopian community establishments, responding to industrialization's challenges and societal shifts.

Market Revolution (1800-1840s)

• Transition from agrarian societies to an industrial and market-oriented economy, including demographics, innovations in transportation, and growing urban centers.