A&P chapter 26 03/03/2025
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Definition: The process by which cells convert nutrients, especially glucose, into ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Importance of Mitochondria: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing the majority of ATP through cellular respiration.
Types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
Definition: Requires oxygen.
Location: Takes place in the mitochondria.
ATP Production: Efficiently generates ATP.
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration:
Definition: Occurs without oxygen.
ATP Production: Less efficient ATP generation and leads to the production of lactic acid in humans.
Key Concepts of ATP Production
ATP Hydrolysis: Breaking down ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) releases energy for cellular processes.
Reversible Reactions: ATP can be converted back from ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) through cellular respiration.
Energy Levels: ATP > ADP > AMP (adenosine monophosphate); energy is higher in fully charged ATP.
Fuel Sources for ATP Synthesis
Macromolecules Used:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Process: These macromolecules are broken down into smaller units to enter cellular respiration pathways and generate ATP.
Primary fuel source is usually glucose, but others can be used when necessary.
Process of Cellular Respiration
Main Steps
Glycolysis:
Location: Cytoplasm.
Oxygen Requirement: None; anaerobic process.
Product: Converts one glucose molecule (C6H12O6) into two pyruvate molecules (C3H4O3) and produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Investment Phase: Invest 2 ATP to start the process.
Energy Yield: 4 ATP produced, net gain of 2 ATP after accounting for the initial investment.
Transitional Step:
Location: Mitochondrial Matrix.
Process: Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA (C2H3O), producing 2 NADH and releasing 2 CO2 as waste gases.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
Location: Mitochondrial Matrix.
Process: For each acetyl CoA:
Generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and releases 2 CO2.
Each glucose yields a total of 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP after two cycles (one for each acetyl CoA).
Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane.
Process: Uses NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthase, generating ATP.
Yield: 34 ATP produced from oxidation of NADH and FADH2.
Final Products of Cellular Respiration
Overall Reaction:
Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP.
Efficiency: Typically, 36-38 ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose, depending on the type of cell and conditions.
Anaerobic Respiration and Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Production: Occurs during intense exercise when oxygen levels are low, leading to muscle fatigue.
Energy Yield: Only 2 ATP produced from glycolysis with no additional output through the Krebs cycle or ETC.
Summary of Cellular Respiration Steps and Yield
Total ATP per Glucose Breakdown:
Glycolysis: Net gain of 2 ATP.
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2.
ETC: Generates additional 34 ATP from NADH and FADH2.
Important Notes
Mitochondria's structure: Double membrane with an outer and inner membrane (surrounds the matrix) crucial for ATP production processes.
Heart muscle and other cells constantly require ATP, even at rest.