Acids and Bases, Measuring Speed and Acceleration

Neutralisation

• Neutralisation is when an acid and a base react to cancel each other out, producing a salt and water.
  • $acid + base \rightarrow salt + water$
  • Example: $HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O$
• Acid-base titration is a precise method of neutralisation.
  • It involves adding acid from a burette to a base with an indicator in a conical flask until neutralisation occurs (indicated by a color change).
  • Titrations determine the exact amount of acid needed to neutralise a base.

Acid and Carbonate

• Acids can be neutralised by carbonates, producing a salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
  • $acid + carbonate \rightarrow salt + water + carbon dioxide$

Particle Theory and Acids/Bases in Water

• Acids:
  • Common laboratory acids contain hydrogen atoms (e.g., $HCl$, $HNO<em>3$, $H</em>2SO_4$).
  • In water, acids dissociate into hydrogen ions ($H^+$), making the solution acidic. More hydrogen ions mean a lower pH.
  • Example: $HCl \rightarrow H^+ + Cl^-$
• Bases:
  • Common laboratory bases like sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$) dissociate in water.
  • $NaOH \rightarrow Na^+ + OH^-$