Acids and Bases, Measuring Speed and Acceleration

Neutralisation

• Neutralisation is when an acid and a base react to cancel each other out, producing a salt and water.
  • acid + base \rightarrow salt + water
  • Example: HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O
• Acid-base titration is a precise method of neutralisation.
  • It involves adding acid from a burette to a base with an indicator in a conical flask until neutralisation occurs (indicated by a color change).
  • Titrations determine the exact amount of acid needed to neutralise a base.

Acid and Carbonate

• Acids can be neutralised by carbonates, producing a salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
  • acid + carbonate \rightarrow salt + water + carbon dioxide

Particle Theory and Acids/Bases in Water

• Acids:
  • Common laboratory acids contain hydrogen atoms (e.g., HCl, HNO3, H2SO_4).
  • In water, acids dissociate into hydrogen ions (H^+), making the solution acidic. More hydrogen ions mean a lower pH.
  • Example: HCl \rightarrow H^+ + Cl^-
• Bases:
  • Common laboratory bases like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissociate in water.
  • NaOH \rightarrow Na^+ + OH^-