CHAPTER 5 INFECTION CONTROL

INFECTION CONTROL

• the methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms from one individual to another

INFECTIOUS

• caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection

FEDERAL AGENCIES

• set guidelines for the manufacture, sale, and use of equipment and chemical ingredients

• guidelines also monitor safety in the workplace and place limits on the types of services you can perform in a salon, spa, or barbershop

STATE AGENCIES

• regulate licensing, enforcement, and your conduct when you are on the job

• Include licensing agencies, state boards, commissions, and health departments

OSHA

• occupational safety and health administration

• part of the U.S department of labor to regulate and enforce safety and health standards to protect employees in the workplace

• OSHA standards address issues relating to the handling, mixing, storing, and disposing of products ; general safety in the workplace ; and your right to know about any potentially hazardous ingredients contained in the products and how to avoid these hazards

• OSHA requires that chemical manufacturers and importers assess and communicate the potential hazards associated with their products through a SDS

SDS

• safety data sheet

• a 16 category, standard format document

EPA

• environmental protection agency

• registers all types of disinfectants sold and used in the U.S

• before manufacturers can sell a product for disinfecting surfaces, tools, implements, or equipments they must obtain an EPA registration number (EPA Reg. No.) that certifies that the disinfectant (when used correctly) will be effective against the pathogens listed on the label

• If you don’t follow the label instructions for mixing, contact time, and the type of surface the disinfecting product can be used on, you are not complying with federal law

DISEASE

• an abnormal condition of all or part of the body, or its systems or organs, that makes the body incapable of carrying on normal function

INFECTION

• the invasion of the body tissues by disease-causing pathogens

TRANSMISSION

• is the process by which pathogens move between individuals and objects (how we get sick)

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

• transmission of pathogens through touching (shaking hands, kissing, hugging)

• spreads MRSA and warts

• Shaking hands without washing them afterward

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

• transmission of blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object (razor, clipper, extractor, door knob, table)

• Can transmit MRSA, salmonella (cross contamination), ringworm

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION AND RESPIRATORY DROPLET

• when a pathogen living in our respiratory tract is expelled through coughing, sneezing, or talking

• Respiratory droplets are large particles that do not stay suspended in the air for long

• Airborne particles are smaller and dryer so they stay in the air for longer allowing it to spread further

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

• disease caused by pathogenic (harmful) microorganisms that enter the body

• May or may not be spread from one person to another

CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

• capable of being spread from one person to another

• also known as a communicable disease (transferable by contact from one person to another)

• prevalent contagious/communicable dieases that prevent a beauty professional from servicing a client include : common cold, ringworm, conjuctivitis (pinkeye), and viral infections

CONTAMINATION

• the presence, or the reasonably anticipated prescence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an items surface or visible debris or residues such as dust, hair, and skin

DECONTAMINATION

• the removal of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an items surface and the removal of visible debris or residues such as dust, hair, and skin

DIAGNOSIS

• determination of the nature of a disease from its symptoms and/or diagnostic tests

• federal regulations prohibit salon profeessionals from performing a diagnosis

GERMS

• nonscientific synonym for disease producing organisms

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE

• illnesses resulting from conditions associated with employment, such as prolonged and repeated overexposure to certain products or ingredients

PARASITIC DISEASE

• disease caused by parasites such as lice and mites

PATHOGENIC DISEASE

• disease produced by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

TOXINS

• various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)

5 TYPES OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL ORGANISMS

1. bacteria

2. viruses

3. fungi

4. parasites

5. biofilms

BACTERIA

• single celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characteristics ; some bacteria are harmful, some are harmless

MICROORGANISM

• any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size

NONPATHOGENIC

• harmless microorganisms that may perform useful functions and are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm

• EX : in yogurt, cheese, som medicines, helps break down food in the body, protect against infection, and stimulate the immune system

PATHOGENIC

• harmful microorganisms that can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body

INFLAMMATION

• a condition in which the tissue of the body reacts to injury, irritation, or infection

• characterized by redness, heat, pain, and/or swelling

PUS

• fluid containing white blood cells, bacteria, and dead cells, and is the by-product of the infectious process

• sign of bacterial infection

LOCAL INFECTION

• an infection, such as a pimple or abscess, that is confined to a particular part of the body and appears as a lesion containing pus

• the presence of pus

SYSTEMIC INFECTION

• an infection where the pathogen has distributed throughout the body rather than staying in one area or organ

MRSA

• methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

• type of infectious bacteria that is highly resistant to conventional treatments such as antibiotics

• type of staph infection

STAPHYLOCOCCI

• pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes ; causes abscesses, pustules, and boils

MYCOBACTERIUM

• a large family of bacteria that is often found in soil and water

VIRUS

• a parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in cells of biological organisms

• can only live and reproduce by taking over other cells and becoming part of them

HPV

• human papilloma virus

• virus that can infect the bottom of the foot and resembles small black dots, usually in clustered groups ; also a cutaneous viral infection commonly contracted through sexual transmission and exhibited by genital warts

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

• an inflammatory disease of the skin caused by a viral infection and characterized by small vesicles in clusters

• HSV

BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS

• disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV

HEPATITIS

• a blood-borne virus that causes disease and can damage the liver

HIV

• human immunodeficiency virus

• virus that causes AIDS

• Spread from person to person through blood and, less often, through other bodily fluids

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

• AIDS

• a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system

• caused by HIV

FUNGI

• single celled organisms that grow in irregular masses and include molds, mildews, and yeasts

• can produce contagous diseases such as ringworm

MILDEW

• a type of fungus that affects plants or grows on inanimate objects but does not cause human infections in the barbershop

TINEA BARBAE

• known as barbers itch

• a superficial fungal infection that commonly affects the skin

• primarily limited to the bearded area of the face and neck or around the scalp

TINEA CAPITIS

• a fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules or spots at the opening of the hair folicles

RINGWORM

• a fungal infection of the skin that appears in circular lesions

PARASITES

• organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or inside another organism (the host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism

• must have a host to survive

PEDICULOSIS CAPITIS

• head lice

• type of parasite responsible for contagious diseases and conditions

• infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice

SCABIES

• a contagious skin disease that is caused by the itch mite, which burrows under the skin

BIOFILMS

• colonies of microorganisms that adhere to environmental surfaces, as well as the human body

• resist antiseptics, antimicrobials, and disinfection through a sticky matrix substance

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION STEPS

1. cleaning

2. disinfecting

3. alternate (sterilization)

STERILIZATION

• the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores

• items must be cleaned prior to use and the autoclave must be tested and maintained as instructed in the for the sterilization to be effective

• CDC REQUIRES A SPORE TEST ON ALL AUTOCLAVES MONTHLY

CLEANING

• a mechanical process using soap and water or detergent and water to remove all visible dirt, debris, and many disease-causing germs ; cleaning also removes invisible debris that interferes with disinfection

• remove all visible and surface dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing them with soap and warm water, or a chemical cleaner, and using a disinfected brush

• WHEN A SURFACE IS PROPERLY CLEAN THE NUMBER OF CONTAMINANTS IS GREATLY REDUCED

• 3 ways to clean tools and implements (chemical cleaner, ultrasonic unit, washing with soap and warm water and a nail brush)

HAND WASHING

• proper hand washing removes germs from the folds and grooves of the skin and from under the free edge of the nail plate by lifting and rinsing germs and contaminants from the surface of the skin

WATERLESS HAND SANITIZERS

• chemical germicides formulated for use on the skin and are registered and regulated by the FDA

• Not used to disinfect implements or surfaces

• Should not be overused because they can be drying

SANITIZING

• a chemical process for reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

DISINFECTING

• second step of infection control

• does not eliminate bacterial spores

• Must carry an EPA registration number and label should clearly state organisms that solution is effective against fighting

• Improper mixing can lead to non effective use

• Always add the disinfectant to the water

• Requires safety glasses and gloves

EFFICACY

• Effectiveness of a product

• Ability to produce the intended effect

PROPER USE OF DISINFECTANT

• implements must be throughly cleaned of all visible matter or residue before being placed in the disinfectant solution ; oil, skin, hair, lotions, creams inactivate the disinfectant

• Must be completely immersed (there is enough liquid in the container to cover all surfaces of the item for the recommended contact time)

NONPOROUS DISINFECTANT

• surfaces that are made of a material that has no pores or opening and that can’t absorb liquids

POROUS DISINFECTANT

• material that has opening or holes and is absorbent

QUATS

• quaternary ammonium compounds

• Very effective on nonporous surfaces

• Most advanced type are multiple quats (sofisticated blends of quats that work together to significantly increase the effectiveness of these disinfectants)

TUBERCULOCIDAL DISINFECTANTS

• proven to kill the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (disease caused by a bacterium that is transmitted through coughing or sneezing) in addition to other pathogens destroyed through thee use of hospital disinfectants

PHENOLIC DISINFECTANT

• powerful tuberculosis disinfectants

• Form of formaldehyde, have a high ph, can damage skin and eyes, can be harmful to the environment if put down the drain

• Can cause metals to rust, can damage plastics and rubber, and are known carcinogens (cancer causing)

BLEACH

• 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (must have this percent to be effective) AKA household bleach

• When used in salons, spas, and barbershops they must be EPA registered as a disinfectant

• Chlorine bleach (Clorox) is the only bleach that disinfects

• 9 part water to 1 part bleach

• Expires in 24 hours and avoid heat and light

DISINFECTANT SAFTEY

• keep the SDS on hand

• Wear gloves and safety glasses

• Avoid skin and eye contact

• Add disinfectant to water

• Use tong or gloves or a draining basket to remove implements

• Keep away from children

• Always follow manufactures instructions for disposing and mixing

• Can only go on clean, har, nonporous surfaces

• Items must be submerged for the full contact time

• Follow manufactures directions for when to replace

• Don’t let any disinfectant come in contact with skin

• Never place in unmarked containers

• Never mix them together unless instructed by manufacturers

DISINFECTANT CONTAINERS

• must be large enough to contain all items and cover items but not air tight

• Container must be cleaned every day

• Contain disinfectant for disinfecting not cleaning

LOGBOOK

• Book of all equipment usage, cleaning, disinfecting, testing, and maintenance

DISINFECTING ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

• Some equipment have points that can not be submerged in disinfectant

CLEANING TOWELS, LINES, AND CAPES

• clean towels and lines should be used for each client

• Laundr according to directions on items label

• Be sure they are throughly dry

MULTI-USE PRODUCTS

• always use a pump or shaker to dispense products or a spatula for tub containers

CHELATING SOAPS

• Work in all types of water

• Low sudsing

• Work to breakdown stubborn films and remove residue of products such as scrubs, salt, ad masks

• Specially formulated to work in areas with hard tap water

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

• set by the CDC that require employer and employee to assume that any human blood or body fluids are potentially infectious

• OSHA and CDC have set saftey standards and precautions that protect employeees in situations when they could be exposed to bloodborne pathogens

• Precautions are : proper hand washing, wearing gloves, and proper handling and disposing of sharp instruments and other contaminated items

ASYMPTOMATIC

• showing no signs or symptoms of infection

PPE

• Personal protective equipment

• OSHA describes as “specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against hazard”

• Gloves are single use equipment (when switching to another body part on the same person switch gloves)

• Must preform hand washing before putting gloves on and hand sanitizer in between gloves

EXPOSURE INCIDENT

• is contact with non-intact broken skin, blood, body fluid, or other potentially infectious materials that is the result of the performance of a workers duties

• If a client suffers a cut or abrasion that bleeds during a service follow steps for procedure 5-3

• If a professional suffers a cut or abrasion that bleeds follow steps for procedure 5-4

• STEP 1 IS ALWAYS STOP THE SERVICE

WATER

• test water temperature on the inside of your wrists before using on a client

• Be careful how you handle the spray hose at the shampoo bowl

• Clean any leaks or spills immediately

• Water heaters should not be higher than 130 degrees

TOOLS AND APPLIANCES

• if a tool or implement is dropped it must be replaced with a clean tool or disinfected properly before reuse

EQUIPMENT AND FIXTURES

• dust and clean regularly to avoid dust buildup and to maintain clean conditions

VENTILATION

• ents should be vacuumed or cleaned periodically

• Fumes from chemical applications and nail care products require sophisticated filtration units that cleanse and detoxify the air

EXITS

• should be well marked and identifiable

• Employee should know where all exits are and how to evacuate

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• placed where readily available

• All employees should be instructed don how to use them

• It is a law that fire extinguishers be checked periodically

ATTIRE

• necklaces should be an appropriate length

• Cell phones should be stored away

• Long hair should be pulled back

• Clothing should be professional

CHILDREN

• they can be a a serious risk

• Should not be left unattended

• Don’t allow them to play, climb, or wander

• When preforming a service on a child try to anticipate the child’s moves

ADULT CLIENTS

• assist clients in and out of the hair especially the elderly

• Always lower chair fully

• Always support the back of the chair when pumping it up

HIGH RISK CLIENTS

• certain medications, surgery’s, diseases, or pregnant can have certain stipulations

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

• never take shortcuts when cleaning and disinfecting

• Follow state and federal laws

• Keep liscense current

• Stay updated with changes and updates to rules and regulations