Global Studies 1H

Open ended short answers (4-5 sentences)

Explain how the Scientific Revolution laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. Include specific examples of how scientific thinking influences Enlightenment ideas.

The Scientific revolution laid the groundwork for the enlightenment by the spread of the scientific method being used. More people were thinking logically using experiments rather than beliefs. For example, during the enlightenment people were contemplating over political issues like having a representative government and religious freedom. These political issues were addressed using logical thinking instead of simply following beliefs. Another example is how Voltaire, an anti-church philosopher, introduced the ideas of logical thinking and scientific evidence to people. This effected the separation of church and state during the enlightenment.

Describe two major impacts of the Industrial Revolution on society. Be sure to address both positive and negative consequences.

One positive impact that The Industrial revolution had on society is that inventions like railroads and steam engines sparked inspiration for improvement in the industry and for creating new and better inventions to help productiveness. The steam engine was helpful because before it was invented factories only relied on hydro-power so they had to be built on water. But now factories can be built wherever. Railroads also caused a big improvement for transportation purposes which lets product get out to people all over quicker These inventions are revolutionary still today, without them we wouldn’t be able to order something and receive it in less than a week. One negative impact that The Industrial Revolution had on society is the pollution that resulted from factories during the time. So many fossil fuels were burned during that times in order to run machinery but this has had lasting impacts and increased since this revolution. The pollutants not only effect the air but it also effects our land, water, and food. These fuels are contaminating the air and risking life for all organisms on earth.

What role did nationalism play in the unification of Italy and Germany? Provide specific examples from each movement.

Nationalism played a role in the unification of Italy because Italian people fought multiple wars which lead to unitng their individual duchies and combining them together to create Italy. Italian people came together to fight for what they wanted. Nationalism played a role in the unification of Germany because people living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to find a sense of identity in each of their ethnicities which contributed to the separation of the empire. A portion of this Empire turned into a part of Germany.

Section 1 (Unit 1 (multiple choice))

Central ideas and themes of the scientific revolution

• Scientific Revolution: Summarized by the idea that our understanding of the world should be driven by the scientific method and logical thinking, not through tradition or church doctrine.

• The Enlightenment: Summarized by the idea that human beings who are driven by logic and reason have the ability to improve themselves and society through education of the people and reform of government. (Enlightenment ideas about the government)

• Scientific method: logical thinking and reasoning used to reform and educate people (The Enlightenment)

Relationship between The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment

• Enlightenment thinkers applied the scientific method and model of thinking to social and political issues

John Locke’s Theories

• Man is good, Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) should be protected by the government, and if the government harms these rights it should be overthrown.

• People are naturally good

Montesquieu

• Thought of separation of powers + checks and balances

• For a government to function it cannot have one decision-making body, it needs different parts to hold each other accountable.

Voltaire’s Theories

• Anti-church & anything that did not have empirical or logical evidence to support it

• Fought against intolerance+ prejudice

• Argued that superstition, prejudice, etc. were not founded on reason so they were worthless

Rousseau

• Created the idea of the Social Contract

• People give the government power by releasing their rights in exchange for the governments services.

Enlightenment ideas about the church

• Enlightenment thinkers wanted a separation of church and government, they appreciated people following a religion but believed differently from it.

Focus on education and literacy (Enlightenment)

• Empowering the public with knowledge and to free and expand the mind (open mindedness)

Education would improve society

Section 2 (Unit 1)

How and why the revolution began

Key Factors

• Inconsistent, and unfair taxes

• Government inaction, awful national dept

• Famine raised prices of food

Marked by the Storming of Bastille

• Angry people of Paris storm of the Bastille, a large fortress turned prison in the middle of Paris.

• Done to secure gunpowder for the National Guard to fight against the King’s army and Prussian/Austrian forces (Duke of Brunswick’s Manifesto)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• Adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution is a foundational document that outlines the inherent rights of all individuals, emphasizing liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Its significance lies in its assertion of:

• Individual freedoms,

• The principle of equality before the law

• The idea that sovereignty resides in the people rather than in a monarch aristocracy.

Political factions during the revolution

Radicals/Jocobins:

• Led by Robspierre

• Wanted to remove the king from power completly

• Wanted to overthrow the unequal institutions like the nobility and church under any circumstance

Moderates

• Keep the revolutionary status quo (Louis XVI = powerless)

• Turned away from the use of violence in theory

• Was willing to keep institutions like the nobility and church, but neuter their unequal rights

Reign of Terror

Symbols

• Guillotine was the major symbol of the Reign of Terror

• Was used to send a message that everyone was now equal, in life and in the way they would be killed

• Equality in execution

Justifications: Robspierre justified the violence against revolutionaries as a way to ‘protect the revolution’ against its ‘enemies’

Role of women in the revolution

• First to experience price hikes.

• First ones to get angrier, began riots

• Louis XVI didn’t do anything about it

• Civilians got mad, mostly women (a little men)

• Went to get Louis XVI

The March on Versilles: Led to Louis XVI & his family being removed from Versailles and trapped in Paris

• Formed political societies

• Created the cockade + tricolor

• Fall of Bastille: Riot/Big prison being fought over

• March on the National Assembly

• Fought for womens rights

Section 3 (Unit 1)

The Continental System: Napoleon forced European states to only trade with each other, and not trade with Britain. This failed because of the Battle of Trafalgar and Britain’s Naval superiority.

Napoleon’s domestic policies

Religion: Napoleon reformed the Catholic church’s status in France back to what it was before the revolution. With the Concordat of 1801 Napoleon and the Pope agreed to a deal where catholic priests and churches could come back to France under his rule. 

Napoleonic Codes: Napoleon’s longest-lasting domestic legacy was his Napoleonic Codes. He instituted these new universal law codes to help stabilize the French gov. 

Napoleon’s Rise to Power: Napoleon was a general during the revolution, fought against Austria and succeeded. He rose to power by using his popularity to overthrow the unpopular Directory.

Napoleon’s invasions and campaigns

Invasions & Wars

Peninsular War: When Napoleon conquered Spain and Portugal the people of the peninsula, with help from the British fought against the French occupiers using guerilla tactics which drained french power and morale. 

Invasion of Russia: When Napoleon invaded Russia because they were trading with Britain, he lost many troops after conquering Moscow, but lost the majority of his Grande Armee. 

German Unification

• Otto Von Bismark was the main figure behind the German Unification

• Economic strength, tradition, and education held the new nation of Germany together

• Bismark used the power of the Prussian state and military to unify German states into Prussia.

• Denmark, Austria, and France fought against Prussia to fully unify Germany

Wars fought during the German Unification

• Second Shleswig war (Austro Prussian vs. Denmark)

• Austro-Prussian war (Austrian Empire vs. Prussia)

• Franco Prussian war (France vs. Prussia)

Italian Unification

• Count Cavour and Garibaldi led to the Unification of Italy

• Italian Nationalism, culture, history, and religion held the new nation of Italy together

• Garibaldi unified Italy by using uprisings and riots across Southern Italy and Sicily to form an Italian Nation State.

Differences Between Garibaldi & Bismarck

Garibaldi

• Used uprisings and riots across southern Italy to push the south and Sicily into forming an Italian nation-state.

• Did not work for any particular gov. and did not use military force, just popular uprisings.

Bismarck:

• Used the power of the Prussian state and military, as its chancellor, to absorb many of the other German states into Prussia 

• Used war and foreign policy to unite German states against common enemies (Denmark → Austria → France) 

• Once uniting the German states, used diplomacy and military might to coerce German states to fall under Prussia and create Germany

Nationalism’s effect on European empires

• The rise of nationalism thanks to Napoleon led to many changes across Europe: 

  • Ideas of nations of people like ‘germans’ ‘french’ etc. came about

    • New way of thinking that still bleeds into the modern world 

  • Large, multinational empires broke apart due to nationalist revolutions

    • Ottomans lost their European holdings from Balkan revolts

  • Nations of people unified smaller separate states into powerful nation-states

  • Italy and Germany united many smaller states into large nation-states

Section 4 (Unit 2)

Urbanization: The rapid growth of city populations due to the industrialization of a particular area.

Important Inventions

• The steam engine, created by Jame Watt, was the most important invention of The Industrial Revolution

Railroads

• A key to the transportation issue

• Done by steam powered locomotives

• Allowed factories to be placed all over

4 Major effects of railroads

1. Spurred Industrial growth

2. Created jobs

3. Boosted other industries

4. Allowed movement of people

Economic Theories

Capitalism: A state’s trade and production should be owned and operated by private individuals for profit 

• Dominant economic system during the Industrial Revolution, laissez-faire policies argued that a capitalist state’s economy will sort itself out

Socialism: A state’s trade and production should be owned and operated by the public (a public-ran government) for the general welfare of the citizens 

• Some ownership of property is allowed

Communism: The means of production should be equally distributed among everyone, forming a moneyless, classless society

• Karl Marx’s “perfect socialism” 

The Factory System

The Factory System: The system of operation that factories adopted to increase production during the industrial revolution

• Use of assembly lines

• Machinery used to increase production

  • New inventions allowed people to complete certain tasks much faster

• Concentration of goods in one area near a factory

  • Railroads, apartments, etc. all near the factory so the factory did not run out of any given material (labor, goods, power, etc.) 

Unions (Labor Unions)

Urbanization and worker mistreatment led to Industrial-era laborers unionizing. 

Labor Unions: groups of workers who band together to try and stop employers from mistreating them. Often used strikes to force their employers to pay them better, make work safer, etc. 

Unions were a way for workers to address the unsafe conditions and unfair practices they dealt with on a daily basis

Irish Potato Famine

• British took food and animals from Irish so that’s why they only eat potatoes

• British let Irish die when potatoes failed, never left them food or animals and continued to take Ireland’s things.

• British at fault for famine but not blight.