Page 1: Lecture Overview

Title:

• Wykład 1: Podstawy Fizyki - Budowa Materii

Speaker:

• Piotr Salabura

• Contact: piotr.salabura@uj.edu.pl

• Location: B-2-66

Page 2: Questions of Existence

Fundamental Questions:

• How is the universe constructed?

• Did it have a beginning and will it have an end?

• Have these ideas existed forever, or will they remain?

• Such questions have intrigued humans since they first gazed upon the star-filled sky.

Page 3: Artistic Representation

Artwork:

• Vincent van Gogh - "Starry Night Over the Rhône"

Page 4: Cultural Reflections

Inquiry Across Cultures:

• Questions about the universe are found in fairy tales, myths, religions, and traditions of all peoples.

• These inquiries intensify curiosity and the quest for answers.

Page 5: Historical Imaginations of the Universe

Medieval Concept:

• A drawing from 1880 illustrates ancient ideas by Anaximenes of Miletus (585 - 525 BC).

• Depicts a flat Earth surrounded by a transparent dome where stars, Sun, and Moon are affixed.

• The question arises: What lies beyond this?

Page 6: The Microcosm

Inquiry into Matter:

• One wonders about an earth lump, stone, or grain of sand:

  • Is it composed of something? Or from what does it arise?

Page 7: Thales of Miletus

Early Philosophy:

• (625-545 BC) First physicist- philosopher of nature.

• Proposed the question: What is the cosmos made of?

• Suggested that all food is moist, and warmth arises from moisture; thus, is everything derived from water?

Page 8: Anaximander and Elements

Ancient Philosophy:

• Anaximander posited the primary substance (infinite) called "apeiron."

• He introduced four elements and movement, further elaborated by Empedocles (490 – 430 BC):

  • Earth, Water, Air, Fire.

  • Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) added complexity to the understanding of these elements.

Page 9: Atomic Theory

Democritus of Abdera:

• Introduced the atomic conception of matter around (460 – 370 BC).

Page 10: Dimensions of Existence

Micro and Macro World Overview:

• Galaxies: 10² m

• Crystals: 10⁹ m

• Matter: 10 m

• Nucleon: 10-15 m

• Atomic nucleus: 10-14 m

• Atom: 10-10 m

• Electron: 10-18 m

Page 11: Observable Matter Composition

Composition of Universe:

• Hydrogen: 2%

• Helium: 70%

• Heavier Elements: 28%

Page 12: The Big Bang

Evolution Over Time:

• Immediately after the Big Bang:

  • Hydrogen: 76%

  • Helium: 24%

• Current Composition: 2% hydrogen, 70% helium, 28% heavier elements.

Page 13: Ouroboros Symbolism

Concept:

• The Ouroboros, a symbolic snake eating its tail, exemplifies unity of existence in cyclic transformation, never ceasing to exist, but rather perpetually changing.

Page 14: Physics Objectives

Lecture Overview:

• Understanding the structure of matter and the universe.

  • Unity of micro and macro worlds, scales, sizes, and interactions.

  • Energy forms: potential and binding energy.

Page 15: Historical Development

From Aristotle to Newton:

• Chronicles the evolution of understanding matter from Aristotle to Newton.

  • The Renaissance: Key figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, and the rise of classical physics in the late 19th century.

Page 16: Quantum Mechanics

Focus Topics:

• The implications of wave-particle duality, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and the development of atomic theory.

• Electromagnetic waves and blackbody radiation.

Page 17: Quantum Theory Foundations

Advanced Concepts:

• Delving deeper into quantum mechanics, solutions to quantum problems, and the links between quantum theory and physical phenomena.

Page 18: Understanding Radioactive Decay

Research Foundations:

• Highlighting the works of Becquerel and the Curies on radioactivity and the interaction of radiation with matter.

Page 19: Yukawa’s Theory

Nuclear Interactions:

• Yukawa theory concerning the interactions of nucleons and the binding energy aspects of atomic nuclei.

Page 20: Solid-State Physics

Properties of Condensed Matter:

• Exploring conductive properties in solids, semiconductors, and various applications of nanotechnology.

Page 21: Solar System Overview

Beyond Earth:

• Examination of the solar system, observational astronomy, and the scale of the universe.

Page 22: General Relativity

Cosmological Insights:

• The dynamics of the universe, critical density, and the observational evidence for cosmic expansion.

Page 23: Stellar Evolution

Mechanisms in Stars:

• Understanding stellar types and the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram along with the formation and evolution of stars.

Page 24: Reference Texts

Core Literature:

1. D. Halliday et al., Podstawy Fizyki 2. H. Haken, Atomy i kwanty 3. R. Eisberg, Fizyka kwantowa 4. H.A. Enge, Wstęp do fizyki atomowej 5. E. Chaisson, Astronomy Today 6. Encyklopedia PWN 7. A.K. Wróblewski, Historia Fizyki

Page 25: Micro/Macro World Components

Overview of Scale:

• Overview of macro and micro world components and the interactions between them.

Page 26: Fundamental Interactions

Particle Interactions:

• Overview of the fundamental forces in physics, such as gravitational, electromagnetic, and strong interactions.

Page 27: Particle Components

Elementary Particles:

• Distinguishing fermions (quarks and leptons) and providing a summary of their properties.

Page 28: Interaction Strength

Relative Strengths:

• A comparison of the relative strength of fundamental forces in physics and their effective ranges.

Page 29: Gravity Overview

Gravitational Force:

• Newton's law of universal gravitation presented in vector form, emphasizing gravitational attraction.

Page 30: Implications of Constants

Consequences of Variation:

• Discusses how changes in gravitational constants (G) could affect stellar lifetimes significantly.

Page 31: Potential Energy

Definitions:

• Discussing potential energy as it relates to work, energy conservation laws, and gravitational interactions.

Page 32: Electromagnetic Forces

Coulomb's Law:

• Overview of Coulomb's law, depicting forces in electrostatics and energy conservation.

Page 33: Binding Energy

Energy Relationships:

• Discusses how negative total mechanical energy denotes bound systems.

Page 34: Nuclear Forces

Fundamental Forces in Nuclei:

• Explores the binding energy and mass deficit within nuclear forces and nucleon interactions.

Page 35: Fission Reactions

Energy Release:

• Discussing energy yield in nuclear fission, referencing uranium isotopes.

Page 36: Mass Deficit

Binding Energy Consideration:

• Examining the relation of mass loss to binding energy in nuclear reactions.

Page 37: Fission Energy

Examples from Fission:

• Highlighting the connection between mass deficit and energy releases in fission reactions.

Page 38: Experimental Observations

Pioneers of Nuclear Physics:

• Recognition of significant contributors to the understanding of radiation and nuclear structure.

Page 39: Einstein's Equation

Mass-Energy Equivalence:

• E = mc² and its implications for binding energies in nuclear physics.

Page 40: Applications of Nuclear Reactions

Real-world Implications:

• Investigating the practical applications and implications of observed nuclear decay and fission.

Page 41: Mass Deficit Insights

Energy Binding Analysis:

• Discusses binding energy values and their relevance to nuclear stability.

Page 42: Weak Interactions

Overview of Processes:

• Examines weak interactions and their significance across various nuclear processes.

Page 43: Historical Context

Evolution of Motion Understanding:

• A chronology from Aristotle to Newton concerning motion and classical physics.

Page 44: Historical Figures

Key Contributors:

• Aristotle and Isaac Newton and their influence on classical mechanics.

Page 45: Philosophical Foundations

Nature and Motion:

• Aristotle’s views on nature underpinning motion, explaining different types of motion.

Page 46: Forces and Movements

Aristotelian Forces:

• Clarifying Aristotle's perspective on forces causing movement.

Page 47: Counterarguments Against Aristotle

Challenges to Aristotelian Thought:

• Historical attempts to debunk Aristotelian physics.

Page 48: Observational Evidence

Early Physics Experimentation:

• Historical observations that challenged Aristotle's beliefs on falling bodies.

Page 49: Renaissance Impacts

Cultural Flourishing:

• Noted figures of Renaissance influencing science through art and literature.

Page 50: Galileo's Legacy

Foundational Contributions:

• Galileo's establishment of foundational scientific principles that govern motion.

Page 51: Scientific Method

Research Methodology:

• Outline of Galileo's scientific method responsibilities.

Page 52: Astronomical Advancements

Renowned Astronomers:

• Mentioning notable astronomers including Copernicus and Kepler for their contributions to astronomy.

Page 53: Kepler's Laws

Planetary Motion Laws:

• Describing Kepler’s seminal laws governing planetary motion.

Page 54: Descartes’ Philosophy

Views on Inertia:

• Descartes' thoughts on continuous motion unless interrupted by external forces.

Page 55: Newton's Influence

Defining Classical Mechanics:

• Newton's contributions towards developing classical physics.

Page 56: Prediction of Movements

Determinism in Physics:

• Discussion on how physics can predict future events based on known laws.

Page 57: Electric and Magnetic Discoveries

Interconnectedness of Fields:

• The joint advancements in understanding electric and magnetic phenomena.

Page 58: Maxwell’s Equations

Theoretical Foundations:

• Overview of Maxwell’s contributions to electromagnetic theory.

Page 59: Hertz's Contributions

Practical Application:

• Recognition of Hertz in generating and detecting electromagnetic waves.

Page 60: Wave Properties of Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation:

• Exploring the wave nature of radiation using various phenomena.

Page 61: Wavelength Spectrum

Different Frequencies:

• Identification of various segments of the wavelength spectrum and their applications.

Page 62: Crab Nebula

Important Cosmic Events:

• Depiction of remnants from supernova explosions within astrophysical contexts.

Page 63: Thermal Imaging

Technological Advances:

• Applications of thermal imaging in astronomical observations.

Page 64: X-ray Observations

X-ray Technology:

• Examining advancements in observing cosmic phenomena through X-rays.

Page 65: Cosmic X-ray Investigations

Satellite Applications:

• The role of satellites in observing X-ray emission from celestial objects.

Page 66: Nature of Light

Wave vs Particle Debate:

• The discussion around light behaving as both wave and particle.

Page 67: Diffraction Phenomena

Wave Behavior:

• Exploration of diffraction as a property indicating wave behavior.

Page 68: Interference Phenomena

Wave Interference:

• The concept of interference as significant in wave theory.

Page 69: Young’s Experiment

Classic Experimentation:

• Analysis of interference patterns in light demonstrating wave characteristics.

Page 70: Energy Quantization

Nature of Light:

• Understanding light as both a wave and particle (photons).

Page 71: Blackbody Radiation Model

Concept Overview:

• Exploration of theoretical models regarding perfect blackbody radiation.

Page 72: Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Principles of Thermodynamics:

• The law informing about energy radiation through temperature.

Page 73: Rayleigh-Jeans Law

Classical Energy Distributions:

• Discussion on limitations of classical laws for blackbody radiation.

Page 74: Cosmic Thermometry

Observational Temperature Measurements:

• Applications of thermometry across various cosmic scales.

Page 75: Birth of Quantum Physics

Historical Milestones:

• Highlighting pivotal moments in establishing quantum theory within physics.

Page 76: Planck's Relation

Energy Quantization Concept:

• Introduction of quantized energy levels through Planck’s hypothesis.

Page 77: Planck's Law

Theoretical Foundations:

• Overview of Planck's law concerning blackbody radiation as a fundamental physics principle.

Page 78: Empirical Test Results

Planck’s Constant Determination:

• Accurate measurement of Planck's constant's significance to physics.

Page 79: Experimental Challenges

Historical context of Measurements:

• Difficulties faced in accurately measuring quantities and interpreting quantum theories.

Page 80: Max Planck's Legacy

Recognition and Legacy:

• Analysis of Planck’s contributions and personal challenges amid his work.

Page 81: Nobel Recognition

Awarding Contributions:

• Planck’s recognition through the Nobel Prize emphasizing his role in quantum mechanics.

Page 82: Cosmic Background Radiation

Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background:

• Investigating remnants from the universe's initial formation.

Page 83: Photoelectric Effect

Foundational Discoveries:

• Hertz’s experimental findings connecting electromagnetic waves to electron emissions from metals.

Page 84: Photoelectric Conclusions

Energy and Voltage Relationships:

• Explaining the relationship between maximum kinetic energy and voltage stop.

Page 85: Historical Studies

Research Milestones:

• Curating influential research leading to the understanding of the photoelectric effect.

Page 86: Einstein's Theories

Quantum Light Concept:

• Einstein’s pivotal contributions to light quanta theory and the photoelectric effect.

Page 87: Maximum Kinetic Energy

Insights on Photon Interaction:

• Discussing key experimental results framing the photoelectric effect on metal surfaces.

Page 88: Einstein’s Equation

Photoelectric Relations:

• Deriving critical equations linking energy and frequency within photoelectric phenomena.

Page 89: Work Function Values

Metal Specific Energy Thresholds:

• Investigating varying work function values for different metals.

Page 90: The Particle-Wave Debate

Scientific Controversy:

• The struggles and resistance faced in confirming photon behavior.

Page 91: Historical Reflections

Perspective on Light Properties:

• The evolving understanding of light in terms of wave-particle duality.

Page 92: Nobel Committee Acknowledgment

Recognition of Scientific Contributions:

• Highlighting accolades awarded to contributors in the realm of quantum mechanics.

Page 93: Light Dualism

Understanding Light:

• Concepts of light as both wave and particle impacting theoretical physics.

Page 94: Photon Dynamics

Quantum Characteristics:

• Discussing properties of photons derived from light behavior analysis.

Page 95: Compton Effect

Experimental Quantum Mechanics:

• Outlining the implications of the Compton effect on quantum mechanics.

Page 96: Compton's Nobel Prize

Recognition of Scientific Discovery:

• Compton’s work bridging theory and empirical evidence in particle physics.

Page 97: Wave-Particle Duality

Comprehensive Framework:

• Analyzing the necessity of incorporating both wave and particle theories across physics.

Page 98: De Broglie's Hypothesis

Experimental Confirmation:

• Insights into de Broglie’s groundbreaking ideas concerning particle-wave duality.

Page 99: De Broglie Recognition

Nobel Prize Achievement:

• Celebrating de Broglie's significant contributions to wave theory in modern physics.

Page 100: Experimental Investigations

Diffraction Studies:

• Recognizing empirical strategies confirming particle-wave theories on various scales.

Page 101: Matter Wave Duality

Concept Summary:

• Clarifying the dual nature of matter supported by comprehensive experimental evidence.

Page 102: Electron Behavior

Double-Slit Experiment Results:

• Exploring the insights gained from experiment results concerning electron behavior and wave properties.

Page 103: Analogous Experiments

Further Experimental Exploration:

• Summarizing similar experimental findings reinforcing wave-particle duality.

Page 104: Mass and Wave Properties

Experimental Demonstrations:

• Investigating larger mass particles demonstrating wave-like behavior through interference experiments.

Page 105: Social and Scientific Parallels

Cultural Reflection:

• Discussing the social upheaval during scientific advancements, highlighting significant developments in art, music, and science.