Q: What are the formed elements of blood?
A: Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets.
Q: What are the primary functions of erythrocytes?
A: Transport oxygen via hemoglobin and assist in carbon dioxide transport.
Q: What are the primary functions of leukocytes?
A: Immune defense; includes neutrophils (bacterial defense), lymphocytes (viral defense), monocytes (phagocytosis), eosinophils (parasite defense), and basophils (allergic response).
Q: What are the primary functions of platelets?
A: Blood clotting (hemostasis).
Q: What is the difference between plasma and serum?
A: Plasma contains clotting factors; serum is plasma without clotting proteins.
Q: What is the major protein responsible for the osmotic pressure of blood?
A: Albumin.
Q: What is hematopoiesis?
A: The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow.
Q: What stimulates erythropoiesis?
A: Erythropoietin (Epo), produced by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels.
Q: What is the function of hemoglobin?
A: Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Q: What is jaundice (icterus)?
A: A condition caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood, leading to yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes.
Q: What is anemia?
A: A condition characterized by insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport.
Q: What are the main causes of anemia?
A: Blood loss, decreased RBC production, or increased RBC destruction.
Q: What is a hematocrit used for?
A: Measuring the percentage of RBCs in total blood volume.
Q: What is hemostasis?
A: The process of stopping bleeding.
Q: What are the three reactions that aid in hemostasis?
A: Vessel constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clot formation.
Q: What is a biological cascade?
A: A series of enzymatic reactions where one molecule activates multiple target molecules, leading to an amplified response.
Q: What are the roles of thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin in clotting?
A: Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms the clot.
Q: How does warfarin work?
A: It inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, preventing blood clot formation.
Q: What is endothelium?
A: A layer of cells lining blood vessels, preventing unwanted clotting.
Q: What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
A: Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs; systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the body.
Q: What are the major anatomical components of the heart?
A: Atria, ventricles, valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, semilunar), and the conduction system.
Q: Trace the flow of blood through the heart and circulatory system.
A: RA → RV → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → LA → LV → Aorta → Body → Vena Cava → RA.
Q: What are the functional components of the heart conduction system?
A: SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers.
Q: What are the stages of heart contraction?
A: Systole (contraction, increased pressure) and diastole (relaxation, decreased pressure).
Q: What is cardiac output and how is it altered?
A: The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute (CO = SV × HR); altered by heart rate and stroke volume changes.
Q: What are the functional differences between arteries, capillaries, and veins?
A: Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure, capillaries facilitate exchange, and veins return blood under lower pressure with valves.
Q: What is blood pressure and how is it maintained?
A: The force of blood against vessel walls; maintained by cardiac output, vessel resistance, and neural/hormonal regulation.
Q: What is the role of the lymphatic system in fluid balance?
A: It returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and transports fats.
Q: What are the major organs of the respiratory system?
A: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Q: What organs contain the mucociliary apparatus?
A: Trachea and bronchi.
Q: What is the mediastinum?
A: The central compartment of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
Q: What is the pleura?
A: A serous membrane surrounding the lungs, reducing friction during breathing.
Q: What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
A: Gas exchange, pH balance, protection, and phonation.
Q: Define inspiration and expiration.
A: Inspiration: Air enters the lungs as thoracic volume increases. Expiration: Air exits as thoracic volume decreases.
Q: How does gas exchange occur in the lungs and tissues?
A: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood, CO₂ diffuses from blood to alveoli; in tissues, oxygen diffuses into cells while CO₂ moves into blood.
Q: What factors affect ventilation control?
A: CO₂ levels (primary), O₂ levels (secondary), pH changes, and neural control.
Knowt
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Studied by 25 people
