Final Study Guide
1. Levels of organization
2. Requirements of life
3. Know homeostasis definition and negative vs. positive feedback systems. What are the 3
components to the system?
4. What’s the difference between molecules, compounds and mixtures? What are the three
types of mixtures?
5. Know directional terminology including different types of planes.
6. Describe the different types of body cavities (ventral and dorsal). What are found in
each?
7. What are the different types of chemical bonds?
8. What are the different types of chemical reactions? Know examples of each.
9. What are the four different types of organic molecules?
10. What are the characteristics of lipids? What are the 4 classes/families of lipids?
11. What are the functions of proteins? What is there structure and shapes? What are they
composed of?
12. What are the different types of carbohydrates?
13. Explain what DNA and RNA are and the components of each. What makes up a
nucleotide?
14. Know the structural and functional characteristics of mitochondria, ribosomes, rER, sER,
golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, the cytoskeleton and the nucleus.
15. Describe the processes of passive transport, active transport, endocytosis (phagocytosis
and pinocytosis), and exocytosis.
16. Define and explain each of the following terms: hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.
17. Know the different stages of mitosis.
18. What is transcription and translation? What does each produce? Where does each take
place?
19. Where are proteins synthesized?
20. Four types of tissues: epithelium, connective tissue, cartilage, muscle. What are the
different types of each. Where can you find them? For example where can you find
elastic cartilage or dense regular fibrous connective tissue?
21. Know the different types of serous membranes
22. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants. What organs can you find in each region?
23. Structure of atoms, subatomic particles, atomic mass, atomic number
24. Know the different layers of the epidermis and be able to describe each layer. Certain
activities occur at each level. For example, what happens at the stratum basale layer?
25. What are the different types of cells that make up the epidermis. HINT: There are 4 main
types of cells. What are their functions? Which type make up 90% of cells?
26. Different regions of the dermis. What are they?
27. How is epithelium classified? Two ways.
28. Types of cell junctions. Name them and what is their function?

29. Know the different parts of the nail. Where can they be found on the nail and what are
their functions?
30. What gland secretes oil in hair follicles?
31. Know the different types of burns. How are they described?
32. What are the different types of cells that make up compact bone? What is the function of
each of these cell types? What is the basic unit of compact bone and what structures can
you find within compact bone? For example, which bone cell builds the matrix and
which cell breaks bone down? What is the periosteum? Remember the lab portion when
you study this part.
33. What is the main structure of spongy bone? How is it similar to compact bone and how
is it different?
34. What is intramembranous ossification? What is endochondral ossification?
35. Know the different regions of a long bone. What are the different types of connective
tissue within bone?
36. What are the different classifications of bones? HINT: shape. Examples of each? Ankle
bones?
37. What is it called when bones grow by width? By length?
38. What is the sequence of bone cell growth? (osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, and
osteocytes)
39. Know that different structures you can find on each part of the skull. HINT: Stick to the
slides.
40. How many curves are in the adult vertebral column? Name them. When do they
develop?
41. How can you determine if a vertebrae is a thoracic vertebrae?
42. Know the different parts on the upper limb (arm) and lower limb (leg)? What bones
comprise the upper arm and lower forearm? What bones comprise the upper leg (thigh)
and lower leg?
43. What bones in the upper and lower limbs articulate? For example, does the fibula
articulate with the femur? What bones of the lower arm (forearm) articulate with the
carpals?
44. Which bone(s) makes up your elbow and your ankle?
45. Which bone structure articulates with the atlas?
46. Which bones make up the thoracic cage?
47. Structural (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial (also see question 1) and functional
(synarthrosis, diarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis) classification of joints (see question 2).
Definitions.
48. The wrist is an example of what type of joint? Be specific.
49. Know the definition of bursae.
50. Types of connective tissue involved in skeletal muscle. (epimysium, perimysium, and
endomysium). What does each surround?
51. What are myoblasts?

52. Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers. This includes sarcolemma, T tubules,
sarcoplasm, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisterns, triad, myofilaments,
sarcomeres, actin, myosin, fascicles. Know the definitions provided on the slides.
53. Know the definition of sarcomeres. Also, know the anatomy of sarcomeres. (Z line, M
line, A band, H band, I band, actin, myosin). Know the definition provided on slides.
54. Properties of muscle tissue. Refer to slides, there are 4.
55. What is the function of tropomyosin and troponin? Note: these are regulatory proteins.
56. In response to action potentials arriving from transverse tubules (T tubules), the
sarcoplasmic reticulum releases what ion?
57. Length-tension relationship curve. Know definition.
58. What is the site where a somatic motor neuron releases acetylcholine to stimulate a
skeletal muscle fiber?
59. Anatomy of the neuromuscular junction. This includes: synapse, synaptic cleft,
neurotransmitters, synaptic end bulbs, synaptic vesicles, motor end plate, acetylcholine
receptors. Know definitions.
60. 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers (SO, FOG, FG). Color, contracts fast or slow, and
function of each.
61. 4 parts of twitch contraction. (latent period, contraction period, relaxation period,
refractory period). Just know definitions provided on slides.
62. Isotonic vs isometric contractions. Know definition provided on slides.
63. What are the 3 types of lever systems. Define each and know examples of each in the
human body. Hint: refer to slides.
64. Definitions for the following: prime mover/agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator,
compartment.
65. Name the 4 neuroglial cells of the central nervous system (CNS).
66. Of the neuroglial cells of the CNS, which is the most numerous?
67. Which neuroglial cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS?
68. Which neuroglial cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS?
69. What is the point of connection between two communicating neurons called?
70. What is the neurolemma?
71. Which channels open and what ions flow in or out of the cell during Depolarizing Phase,
Repolarizing Phase, and After-hyperpolarizing Phase?
72. Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the_____nervous system. Hint: It is
a division of the peripheral nervous system.
73. Know the correct order of events of sound transmission through the ear. 1. sound waves
strike the eardrum 2. the ear ossicles vibrate 3. hair cells of the organ of Corti vibrate
4. the perilymph in the cochlea moves 5. sound waves enter the external auditory canal
74. What are the different parts of the eye? What does each do?
75. What cells make up the blood-brain barrier?
76. Where does each of the following plexuses supply nerves to? Cervical plexus, brachial
plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus