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Section 5.1: Muscles and Tendons

Essentials

• Muscles and Tendons: Key terms in orthopedics and rehabilitation.

Types of Muscle

• Three Types of Muscle:

  • Skeletal (voluntary)

  • Cardiac (involuntary, heart muscle)

  • Smooth (involuntary, found in organs)

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

• Key Functions:

  • Movement

  • Posture maintenance

  • Body heat generation

  • Breathing (respiration)

  • Communication

Word Analysis and Definitions

Terms to Deconstruct

• Contract.

• Peristalsis.

• Voluntary.

Definitions from Latin

• Active.

• Fiber.

• Passive.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

• Characteristics:

  • Striated muscle (striped appearance)

  • Muscle fibers.

  • Striations (bands of muscles)

  • Fascia (connective tissue surrounding muscles)

Muscle Terms

• Hypertrophy: Hyper- (above, excessive) + -trophy (nourishment)

• Atrophy: a- (without) + -trophy (nourishment)

• Dystrophy: dys- (bad) + -trophy (nourishment)

Section 5.2: Muscles and Tendons of the Upper and Lower Extremities

Upper Extremities

• Shoulder Girdle:

  • Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton.

  • Four muscles originate on scapula, forming the rotator cuff, attaching to humerus.

• Upper Arm and Elbow Joint:

  • Anterior Muscles:

    • Deltoid

    • Pectoralis Major

  • Posterior Muscles:

    • Latissimus Dorsi

• Elbow Joint Movements:

  • Anterior Muscles:

    • Biceps Brachii

    • Brachialis

    • Brachioradialis

  • Posterior Muscle:

    • Triceps Brachii

• Forearm Functions:

  • Supination and pronation

  • Flexion and extension of wrist

  • Lateral and medial movement of hand

Lower Extremities

• Hip and Thigh Muscles:

  • Three Gluteus Muscles:

    • Maximus

    • Medius

    • Minimus

• Adductor Muscle: Inner thigh support.

• Thigh Muscles: Quadriceps group includes:

  • Rectus Femoris

  • Vastus Lateralis

  • Vastus Medialis

  • Vastus Intermedius

• Hamstring Group:

  • Biceps Femoris

  • Semimembranosus

  • Semitendinosus

• Lower Leg and Ankle:

  • Calf Muscles:

    • Gastrocnemius (large)

    • Soleus (small)

  • Achilles Tendon:

    • Connects calf muscles to the heel bone (calcaneus)

Section 5.3: Disorders and Injuries of Muscles and Tendons

Disorders of Skeletal Muscles

• Common Disorders:

  • Fibromyalgia

  • Muscular dystrophy

  • Inflammatory myopathies

  • Muscle soreness

  • Muscle cramps

  • Muscle strains

  • Sprains

  • Rhabdomyolysis

  • Bursitis

  • Rotator cuff tears

  • Tendonitis

Wrist and Hand Disorders

• Common Conditions:

  • Ganglion cysts

  • Stenosing tenosynovitis

  • Carpal tunnel syndrome

Section 5.4: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R)

Multidisciplinary Team

• Professionals involved:

  • Physiatrists

  • Medical specialists

  • Occupational therapists

  • Physical therapists

  • Rehabilitation psychologists

  • Social workers

  • Speech therapists

  • Orthotists

  • Nutritionists

Rehabilitation Focus

• Goals of rehabilitation medicine:

  • Maintain independence and quality of life.

  • Restorative rehabilitation vs. maintenance rehabilitation.

Daily Living Activities

• Activities of Daily Living (ADLs):

  • Eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, transferring

• Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs):

  • Managing finances, using phone, cooking, driving, shopping, housework

Assistive Devices

• Equipment for maintaining function:

  • Simple: cane, walker

  • Complex: computerized communication devices

Amputation Support

• Causes and management of amputations:

  • Peripheral vascular disease, wartime injuries

  • Key approaches: healing, strengthening, and family support

Section 5.5: Procedures and Pharmacology

Diagnostic Procedures

• Techniques include:

  • Blood tests

  • Electromyography

  • Nerve conduction studies

  • Imaging studies (MRI, ultrasound)

  • Muscle biopsy

  • Genetic testing

Important Abbreviations

• Common abbreviations in diagnostics:

  • Bx, CK, CRP, CT, EMG, MRI, MSA

Therapeutic Procedures

• Treatment methods for muscular disorders:

  • RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)

  • Physical therapy

  • Medications

  • Surgical options

  • Use of orthopedic appliances

Musculoskeletal Drugs

• Types of medications:

  • NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory)

  • Acetaminophen

  • Muscle relaxants

  • Anabolic steroids

Final Word

• Muscles provide posture and movement.

• Appendicular skeleton is connected to the axial skeleton via joints and muscles.

• Understanding of muscles, joints, and their functions is crucial for assisting patients in rehabilitation and recovery.

In Marvel terms, you could think of muscles and tendons as the "super soldiers" of your body, like Captain America, who embodies strength and resilience. Muscles are your Avengers, each with unique powers:

• Skeletal Muscle is like Iron Man, providing voluntary movement to tackle challenges.

• Cardiac Muscle is the Hulk—strong but involuntary, constantly working behind the scenes to keep your heart pumping.

• Smooth Muscle is akin to Black Widow—also involuntary, stealthily controlling organ functions like digestion.

Tendons are like the web-slinging abilities of Spider-Man, connecting muscles to bones and helping you stretch and bend with agility. Just as the Avengers team up to protect the world, your muscles and tendons work together to allow for movement and maintain your body's functions. When injuries happen, it's like an Avenger getting sidelined, requiring a skilled rehabilitation team—much like the Marvel doctors— to get back into action!