Imitation, Modeling, and Observational Learning – Key Vocabulary
Imitation
- Behavior occasioned by another person’s model (antecedent stimulus)
- Criteria for true imitation:
- \text{Formal similarity}: model & behavior physically resemble and share modality (e.g., both are vocal or motor)
- Close temporal relation: response follows model immediately
- Primary control = the model (not past reinforcement)
- Behavior is novel to the learner
- Models
- Planned (e.g., video of tooth-brushing)
- Unplanned/spontaneous (e.g., child copies parent shaving)
Imitation Training
- Goal: teach non-imitative learners to copy any novel model → achieve \text{generalized imitation} (imitate new models across people, settings, situations)
- Prerequisite attending skills:
- Sit appropriately
- Orient to instructor
- Look at presented objects/actions
- Assessment (probe without reinforcement for correctness):
- With objects / without objects
- Simple vs. complex, one-step sequences
- Use neutral cue ("Do this/Copy me") + model
- Training session sequence:
- Ensure attending
- Present SD + model (“Do this”)
- Correct independent response → high-magnitude reinforcer
- Incorrect → re-present SD/model, prompt, give lower reinforcement; fade prompts over trials
Modeling
- Behavior-change strategy: learner acquires skill by imitating demonstrations
- Formats: live models, video models
- Effective modeling guidelines:
- Similarity between model & learner (age, sex, appearance, history) ↑ imitation likelihood
- Prestige/status of model enhances imitation
- Highlight critical aspects of behavior (exaggerate key movements)
- Combine with clear instructions
- Deliver in natural context; rehearse, feedback, frequent reinforcement
Observational Learning
- Learner detects another’s behavior AND its consequences, then decides to imitate (imitation may occur but is not required)
- Learner benefits from \text{indirect contact with consequences} experienced by others
- Essential component: discrimination of feedback delivered to the model
- Requisite skills to develop observational learning (teach individually then integrate):
- Attending
- Imitating
- Discriminating consequences
