Chapter 10 Key Terms

Aaron Burr - A former vice president under Thomas Jefferson, known for his controversial duel with Alexander Hamilton and his involvement in a conspiracy to create an independent empire in the West.

“American System” (Henry Clay’s) - A series of policies proposed by Henry Clay to promote economic growth, including tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure development.

Andrew Jackson - 7th president of the U.S., military hero in the War of 1812, and founder of the Democratic Party.

Barbary War - A conflict between the U.S. and the Barbary States (North African pirates) over tribute payments and piracy on American merchant ships.

Battle of New Orleans - A significant American victory led by Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812, fought after the peace treaty was signed.

Battle of Tippecanoe - A conflict between American forces and Native American confederation led by Tecumseh’s brother, Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), in 1811, which increased tensions leading to the War of 1812.

Dolly Madison - First Lady of the U.S. during the War of 1812, known for saving important documents and portraits when the British burned Washington, D.C.

Embargo Act of 1807 - A law passed by Thomas Jefferson that aimed to avoid war by stopping all trade with foreign nations, but it hurt the U.S. economy.

Federalist Party - A political party that supported a strong national government and policies favoring commerce and industry; it declined after the War of 1812.

Feme Covert - A legal term referring to a married woman’s legal status, where she was considered under the authority of her husband.

Gabriel’s Rebellion - A 1800 slave revolt led by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia, which was quickly suppressed but highlighted tensions over slavery.

Hartford Convention - A meeting of Federalists in 1814-1815 to discuss grievances against the War of 1812, which led to the party's decline.

Henry Clay - A prominent politician and statesman known for his role in the Missouri Compromise and his “American System.”

Impressment - The British practice of forcing American sailors into military service, a major cause of the War of 1812.

James Madison - 4th president of the U.S., a key figure in the drafting of the Constitution, and president during the War of 1812.

Jeffersonian Republicanism - A political philosophy associated with Thomas Jefferson, advocating for a limited government, agrarian economy, and states' rights.

John Quincy Adams - 6th president of the U.S., son of John Adams, and key diplomat who helped secure the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812.

Judicial Review - The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional, established in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Lewis and Clark Expedition - An exploration mission (1804–1806) led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to map the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.

Louisiana Purchase - The 1803 acquisition of French territory by the U.S., doubling the size of the country.

Marbury v. Madison - A landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Missouri Compromise - A 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in Congress.

Monroe Doctrine - A U.S. foreign policy statement issued by President Monroe in 1823 that opposed European colonialism in the Americas.

Republican Party - A political party that emerged in the 1790s, advocating for a more limited role of the federal government, originally led by Thomas Jefferson.

“Revolution of 1800” - The peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans after the election of 1800.

Sacajawea - A Shoshone woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark Expedition as a guide and interpreter.

Thomas Jefferson - 3rd president of the U.S., author of the Declaration of Independence, and leader of the Jeffersonian Republicans.

War of 1812 - A conflict between the U.S. and Britain, primarily over maritime rights and territorial expansion, which ended in a stalemate but boosted American nationalism.