Q4_W2 PR 2 Reviewer

Page 2: Objectives

• At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

  • Explain the value of measurement in quantitative research.

  • Identify the types of variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

  • Construct rating scales as measures of variables.

  • Create indicators of nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio variables.

Page 3: Measurement in Research

• A measure can refer to things that can be counted unambiguously such as:

  • Personal income

  • Household income

  • Age

  • Number of children

  • Number of years spent at school (Bryman, 2008, p. 145).

Page 4: Indicators in Research

• An indicator is less directly quantifiable and is employed as though it were a measure of a concept (Bryman, 2008, p. 145).

Page 5: Concepts and Indicators

• Concepts: Income, Poverty, Social Class

  • Variables: Annual earnings, Family income, Education, Occupational prestige

  • Indicators:

    • What was your total income from all sources in 2010?

    • Subjective poverty: Would you say you are poor?

    • Absolute poverty: Family income + poverty threshold.

    • Education + income + prestige.

Page 7: Types of Variables

• Nominal Variables: Categories cannot be ranked and have name value only.

  • Examples: School attended, country of residence, race, religion, gender.

Page 8: Ordinal Variables

• Ordinal Variables: Categories can be rank-ordered but distances between them are not equal.

  • Examples: Social class, opinions on a questionnaire, job position in a hierarchy.

Page 9: Interval Variables

• Interval Variables: Identical distance between categories, but no true zero point.

  • Example: IQ scores with no meaningful zero.

Page 10: Ratio Variables

• Ratio Variables: Identical distance between categories with an absolute zero.

  • Example: Scores on an achievement test indicating a lack of skills/knowledge.

Page 12: Rating Scales

• Rating scales capture respondents' reactions or responses to a given item.

Page 17: Likert Scale

• Designed by Rensis Likert to measure ordinal data in research.

Page 18: Semantic Differential Scale

• A composite scale where respondents indicate opinions using pairs of adjectives as polar opposites.

Page 20: Guttman Scale

• A composite scale designed by Louis Guttman with items arranged in increasing intensity.

Page 22-23: Sample Question Formats

• Sample 1: Closed question in vertical format:

  • How do you rate the president’s performance?

  • Very Good - 5 / Good - 4 / Fair - 3 / Poor - 2 / Very Poor - 1.

• Sample 2: Closed question in horizontal format with same ratings.

Page 24-25: Likert Scale Format

• Format where participants indicate agreement/disagreement with statements on a scale.

Page 26: Survey Layout Example

• Example layout for a Television News Broadcasting Survey with demographic questions.

Page 30: Activity #1

• Answer pages 129-131 (WORKSHEET 1-4).

Page 31: Assignment

• Advise to read on:

  • Methodology

  • Sampling method

  • Slovin Formula

  • Basic statistics.