Oceanography midterm

Which ocean is the largest? The Pacific

Which ocean is the shallowest? The Arctic

Is the southern ocean bordered by land? No

Do inland seas often have a higher salinity than typical ocean water? Yes

As atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, ocean acidity also increases

How are the oceans changing? Sea ice is melting, sea levels are rising, the oceans are warming and becoming more acidic

Current global population? 7.8 billion

What is the lesson from the cod fishery in New England? A fishery that has been doo severely depleted may never recover

Did Aristotle say “ "That which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it"? Yes

 In what ways are humans affecting the oceans? Sea level rise, water warming, water acidification, melting ice

 How much sea level rise is expected by 2100? I meter

 The steady rise in global fishing since the early 1900s is evidence of increasing fish population/ false

 By-catch is the same as unintended catch / true

 Fish farms use natural fish as food / true

 Coral bleaching is the result of water acidification / true

 As individuals, we can impact the ocean fisheries with our eating habits / true

 Additives are used to enhance the physical and chemical properties of a polymer / true

 How does diesel oil differ from methane? Diesel oil is a longer hydrocarbon chain

 Volcanic islands are so productive because they deflect warm surface water downward/ false

 The largest migration of life is the daily migration from the deep ocean / true

 In what ways does plastic harm marine life? Ingestion, entanglement, and hormone mimicry

 What happens as plastic fragments reduce in size? Their chemical impact increases

 As the size of a plastic particle decreases, what happens to the chemical impact? It increases

 What is true of navigating with the north star? Its height above the horizon can be used to infer latitude

 Is oceanography more interdisciplinary than most sciences? Yes

 What did Eratosthenes not do? Discover the depth of the Mariana Trench

 What major technological development is associated with the Ming Dynasty? The compass

 Was Darwin’s Beagle voyage the first purely scientific expedition? No

 What result did the Great Iron Catastrophe have? Causes nickel and iron to settle to the core of the earth due to a very large impact

 What is the Habitable Zone? The area of the solar system where liquid water can occur

 Was the Oxygen Revolution a sudden loss of oxygen from Earth’s atmosphere? No

 What is true about Earth’s magnetic field? It requires a fluid iron-nickel core, it allows Earth to retain its water, it deflects the solar winds, and it requires radioactive heating

 What do the waters that fill the ocean come from? Comets, rocks and minerals, and volcanoes

 What zone contains no life? The Azoic Zone

 What is used in bottom trawls? Dolly rope

What is used to detect bottom depth? An echo sounder

 What has no nutritional value when ingested? Microplastics

 What can cross cell boundaries? Nanoplastics

 What measurement requires accurate timekeeping? Longitude

What is reverse tribute? An ancient chinese trade technique

How does a tsunami change as it comes to shallow water? It gets taller

 Is the asthenosphere more ‘plastic’ than the lithosphere? Yes

 What do volcanoes at subduction zones create? Island arcs

 What is the lithosphere? Rigid and brittle

What is the construction of outer planets? Gaseous

What is the asthenosphere? Soft and plastic

 What is the earth’s crust made up of? Mostly silicate material

 What is the lower mantle and core of the earth made up of? Mostly iron and nickel

 What are hot spots? Stationary volcanoes

What is the curie point? The point that locks in magnetism

 What occurs at a divergent plate boundary? A mid-ocean ridge

 What is the makeup of inner planets? Rocky

What is a magnetic stripe? A reversal of magnetic energy

What occurs at convergent plate boundaries? Trenches

 What are the four types of plate boundaries? Divergent, convergent, insurgent, and transform

 Does the earth’s magnetic field allow it to retain its water and atmosphere? Yes

 Is the thickest sediment of the ocean found near mid-ocean ridges? No

 What occurs at convergent plate boundaries? Subduction zones

 Is a collapsing wave one of the named killer waves? No

 Why is the earth’s interior still hot? Radioactive decay

 What occurs at divergent plate boundaries? Spreading centers

 How old are the oldest rocks in the ocean? 170 million years old

Why was Alfred Wegner’s theory of continental drift initially rejected? He was not a geologist

 Is the curie point the point at which temperature reversal occurs? No

 How did the volcanic eruption of Krakatoa create a killer wave? A landslide into the ocean

Do stars make lighter elements out of heavier ones? No

 Is a hot spot a type of plate boundary? No

 Where do oceanic trenches occur and why? At subduction zones, where slab pull occurs

Why do we have rocky and gaseous planets? Solar winds swept lighter atoms away

 Do transform faults offset ocean ridges? Yes

How does earthquake focus change at subduction zones? It becomes progressively deeper

 Do magnetic stripes record changes in the earth’s magnetic field? Yes

 What is true about Earth’s magnetic field? It deflects solar winds, retains water, requires an iron-nickel core, and requires radioactive heating

 Does the earth’s crust have more aluminum and silica than the rest of the earth? Yes

 Why is the continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico so pockmarked? Numerous salt domes

 How much lower was the sea level during the last ice age? 130 meters

 Is the Monterrey Canyon a submarine trench formed by subduction? No

 What will you encounter if you drill into the center of an atoll? Volcanic rocks

 Where do oceanic trenches occur and why? At subduction zones, where slab pull occurs

 What are black smokers? Hydrothermal vents near spreading centers

 What is an atoll? A seamount in a tropical area

 Is an active continental margin narrow? Yes

 How do increased spreading rates affect sea level? By raising it

 What is chemosynthesis? The oxidation of sulfides

 What is a mid ocean ridge linked to? A spreading center

 Where does sediment accumulate? Trenches

 How did the glacial period affect sea levels? By lowering them

 What do turbidites do? Erode offshore canyons

What is a guyot? A flat topped seamount

 What occurs at a passive continental margin? Not subduction lol

What do abyssal hills, seamounts, atolls, and guyots have in common? They were all once volcanoes

 Do faster spreading rates cause a lowering of global sea level? No

 What is  way to increase global sea level? Increase spreading rates

Do passive continental margins cause narrow continental shelves? No

What geographical feature accounts for most of the ocean? Abyssal Plains

 What is the origin of the Bahama Banks? A buildup of calcium carbonate over time

Why do mud volcanoes get so tall? There is nothing to erode them

 What chemicals are discharged at hydrothermal vents? Sulfides

 All seamounts are guyots, but not all guyots are seamounts / false

What does it mean that water is a dipolar molecule? It has a positive side and a negative side

Does water take heat as it changes from a vapor to a liquid? No

Where does most ocean dust come from? Adjacent land areas

Does water have a relatively large liquid range? Yes

Is pelagic sediment deposited in the costal areas? No

Are the white cliffs of dover marine deposits of silicious ooze? No

Why is there very little carbonate ooze in the Pacific Ocean? The floor is below the CCD

Does condensation release heat? Yes

Is IRD the depth of infrared light penetration? No

Does red light or blue light penetrate the ocean more? Blue light

Can dust from Africa make it to the Americas? Yes

Is the largest reservoir of carbon on earth fossil fuels? No

Is the lack of carbonate ooze in the Pacific because it is too shallow? No, it is because it is too deep

What happens to the recreational beach after hard-stabilization? It is lost

What are two practical issues with replenishment? It is expensive and does not last very long

Low pH? Acids

What is methane hydrate? Ice that burns

Does red light or blue light penetrate more? Blue light

What is ooze? Biogenic sediment

Does evaporation take heat? Yes

What does lithogenic mean? Rocks and minerals

What does IRD cause? Glaciers

What are microtektites? Cosmogenic material

What does a stable environment mean for water? A large liquid range

Where does siliceous ooze occur most often? Below the CCD

Condensation/ releases heat

What causes increased water density? More salt

Where does carbonate ooze occur? Above the CCD

Are manganese nodules hydrogenous? Yes

Where do thin sediment accumulations occur? The deep ocean

What decreases water density? Warm water