Untitled Flashcards Set

Ambrose - He was the Bishop of Milan and helped fight Arianism, and had an effect on St. Augustine's conversion.
Charlemagne - Charlemagne was the Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks, renowned for spreading Christianity and education.
Charles Martel - He was a military leader who stopped the Muslim conquest of Europe at the Battle of Tours.
Gregory IX - Pope Gregory IX launched the Papal Inquisition to preclude heresy and canonized St. Francis of Assisi.
Henry IV - Henry IV was the Holy Roman Emperor who fought with Pope Gregory VII over who could appoint bishops.
Innocent III - Pope Innocent III expanded the power of the Pope and called for the Fourth Crusade.
Jerome - St. Jerome translated the Bible into Latin so that it became more accessible to a great many people.
John Chrysostom - John Chrysostom was a great preacher and spoke out against corruption within the Church.
John Lackland - He was the English King who signed the Magna Carta to limit his own power.
Nicholas II - Pope Nicholas II reformed the Church and established procedures for how Popes would be elected.
Otto of Germany - Otto the Great was the Holy Roman Emperor that strengthened the Empire and worked hand in hand with the Church.
Pepin - Pepin was the King of the Franks that protected the Pope and gave land to the Church.
Photius - Photius was the Patriarch of Constantinople and protected Eastern Christianity against the Pope.
St. Anthony of Egypt - St. Anthony was one of the first Christian monks and is called the father of monasticism.
St. Benedict - St. Benedict founded the Benedictine Order and wrote a rule for monastic life that was widely followed.
St. Francis of Assisi - St. Francis founded the Franciscan Order and lived a life of radical poverty and love of nature.
St. Scholastica - St. Scholastica founded a convent of nuns and accepted her brother Benedict's monastic rule.
Urban II - Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims.
William of Aquitaine - William of Aquitaine founded the Abbey of Cluny, a center of monastic reform.

Vocabulary – know the following terms for the test

Abbot: The head of a monastery who takes care of the monks' spiritual and material requirements.
Celibacy: Celibacy means remaining unmarried and not having sex, typically for religious reasons.
College of Cardinals: The College of Cardinals is a group of church leaders who advise the pope and choose a new pope when the need arises.
Excommunication: Excommunication is the official exclusion of an individual from receiving the sacraments of the Church because of serious misconduct.
Feudalism: Feudalism was a system whereby land was exchanged for military service or work, which created a lord-vassal relationship.
Hegira: The Hegira was the flight of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina, which marked the start of the Islamic calendar.
Hermit: A hermit is someone who lives in isolation, usually for religious reasons, dedicating their life to prayer and spiritual growth.
Iconoclasm: Iconoclasm was the Byzantine Empire's rejection or destruction of religious images, as they disputed their use in worship.
Interdict: An interdict is when the Church prohibits an individual or a region from receiving its sacraments as punishment or control.
Lay Investiture: Lay Investiture happened when kings or other rulers, and not the pope, appointed church leaders and bishops, leading to disagreement over control of the Church.
Nepotism: Nepotism happens when leaders give jobs or power to their friends or relatives instead of those best qualified.
Rule of Benedict: The Rule of Benedict is a set of regulations for monks that stress prayer, work, and living communally.
Simony: Simony is the buying or selling of church offices, which was seen as a corrupt practice.
Spiritual Authority: Spiritual authority is the authority of the Church to guide people in faith and morals, typically vested in the pope and bishops.
Temporal Authority: Temporal authority is the authority of political leaders, kings or emperors, to rule countries and lands.
Transubstantiation: Transubstantiation is the teaching that bread and wine are changed into the actual body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist, even though they still resemble bread and wine.