whap notes quiz 4/3

hungarian empire: 

13 united tribes that raided and attacked europe by horseback, these are the old magyars that are fiercely ethnocentric. It morphs from feudalism to empire. Hungarians do a Revolution in 1848 which hungarians elect a legislative body, the austrians forcibly put this down and cut off the people that started it. By 1867, austria is a failing state, they have been defeated by italy and prussia, the empire was on the verge of collapse. The austro hungarian compromise in 1867 where there is a hungarian king and a austrian king, a duel monarchy. Pink from vienna and green from budapest yellow both- bosnia and herzegovina. They are two sovereign states, each its own government  constitution and own parliament. The ones that rules over both of them is an austrian Franz Joseph (emperor of austro hungarian empire)who determines foreign policies and stuff. This does not fully heal the problem that the hungarians have going on in this agreement. The austro-hungarian is completely ethnically diverse, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, ukrainians, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, italians. This diversity means that there isnt really a common will and everybody has differing beliefs. 

The Powder keg of europe:

They are place where a lot of war, the balkan peninsula. The ottomans are losing their control of balkan peninsula. It was Suleiman the magnif who got it. National christian movements are now moving against ottoman rule. The nationalist movements of christians and foreign invasion by austria and russia, greece, serbia, romania,bulgaria. These are Ethnic nationalist states. The capital of serbia is belgrade. Ottomans gain the nickname of the sick man of europe. Bulgaria and serbia are slavs. Romanians consider themselves roman. The slavs are the russians, ukrainians, serbia, bulgaria, bosnia, albanians. There is pan slavism, where the slavs look after other slavs. The russians view themselves as the father of slavism and are going to aid serbia and bulgaria during this time period. 

The young turks:

Ottoman governance-weak and corrupt after tanzimat reforms. Several turks were educated mostly in greek universities but in europe. Believe ottoman empire will be rejuvenated with these children coming back from being taught in europe with western ideas of science, patriotism, and democracy. Front he organization called the committee of union and progress but called the young turks. Overthrew and replaced the sultan in 1908. And bring an end to the empire and made the sultan a figure head. Wrote constitution giving power to grand vizier and legislative body. Attempt to organize ottomans. They now only have turks in gov postiitions. This is a fundamental change where they only want muslim ottoman turks and the discriminate against all other ethnic groups. Their goal is to strengthen the gov but just overthrew it meaning they acc weakened it. Led to further weakness and loss of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1908. 

Serbian nationalism:

The former serbian empire in 1362 where a feudal kingdom which grow into larger empire, it was ethnically diverse with croats, alabnians, serbs and stuff. Then it is taken over by the ottoman empire in 1500s and they are put into the devshirme system. By the 1900s, they have kicked out the ottomans and are soverigna again. This means that a lot of ethnic serbs are not just in serbia but also in bosnia and albania. 90% of their population is illiterate, they havent gone through the enlightenment fully yet. All history was just by oral tradtition cuz cant read and write. They are all told that the serbian empire back then was only ruled and lived in by ethnic serbs which wasnt true. This makes them super ethnocentric so now they super rape and murder them this is big time genocide. 

Dragutin Dimitrijevic “apis” half bull god:

Member of Serbian empire and he is a regicide(kill the monarch) member in 1903, the military kill the monarch and wife and they throw their bodies out the window and mutilate their bodies. They get away with it because another noble family has legitimacy. The monarch threatened to cut military funding so they killed him  for it and let the noble family rule now. Panserbianism, they want the return of the serbian empire where there are only ethnic serbs in the empire. This is the belief that all the balkan lands with large amounts of Serbs living there, should be Serbian lands. “Where a serb lives, that is Serbia”. The slavs are really all the same groups just with diff internal stuff. These officers then after killing the king, form a organization called 

Ujedinjenje ili smrt.

Ujedinjenje ili smrt:

It translates to unification or death. They are called the “black hand”. This is a secret terrorist group, the unification of serb lands. Pan Serbism. Their day time job is military positions. In serbia, they are an open secret, they know who is in it but they dont know anything about it. They just know who is in it but they dont know anything else about it. Nobody else around the world knows. Most of serbia is ok bc they know they just want pan serbism. The black hand start financing groups for their dream.

Balkan wars:

There are some balkan wars where the black hand brings guns into ottomans, and the serbian nationalist groups in the ottoman empire start helping the black hand and they are somewhat successful in their pan serbism. The black hand finances the groups and funds terrorist groups in the ottoman empire so they can take serbian lands in the ottoman empire easier. Dragutin gets promoted to military intelligence and he's in charge of all the info, the black hand and the serbian government are becoming more or less one because dragutin is in both. The monarch and prime minister comply with them because they do not want to be killed. In these wars, Russia helps them out because Serbia is also slavic so because of pan-slavism they wna help them out. Russia also gets to build warm water ports if they build railroads across the serbian empire, so they back them for gain as well. They dont acc get built bc albania is there and now russia cant get there ports but they okay. Next country that supports (give guns and stuff)serbia is france. The french hope that the Serbs go against the Austro Hungarian empire because it will go against Germany because they are in alliance with germany. France does this because they want Germany to be weakened so they supply serbia. 

Franz Ferdinand:

Heir to the austrogungarian throne. He is not monarch yet but he will becomes it after franz joseph. They ask him what reform he will push for and he says, that serbs in bosnia and Herzegovina will get more rights in his constitution. This means that they will want to not join serbia and just stay with austro hungarian empire. The black hand feel threatened to pan Serbism so they kill franz ferdinand. Member of black hand is a military like buddy in bosnia and he meets some serbian boys in bosnia and he befriends them and aids them and be very nice to them. They just know he is a serbian gov not in the black hand. He slowly gives bombs and guns and cyanide to young recruits. They are serbian nationalists and they are befriend by secret black hand members and they are recruited to black hand sorta and are sent to city in the austro hungarian empire, sarajevo bc franz ferdinand is sarajevo on a campaign trip. Like 16 of them have a route of his campaign parade. He loves his wife and he drives into sarajevo(uncommon cuz usually dont bring wife), but unbeknownst to him there are a terrorist like every 400 meters. His security detail tries to get him out of Sarajevo but the car stalls and one of the terrorists works right next door and sees them so he goes out and shoots franz wife and then franz. The person who did it was Gravilo Princip, the police interrogate him and another person and they say its just the two of them, they dont believe so they go knocking down doors and find a third person who just snitches. They now know everything, and trace it back to the austro hungarian border, they cant go further bc cant do investigations in another country. They know the Serbian government is involved. The austro hungarian gov doesnt know black hands exist at all tho. This is known as the July crisis, where they figure out how to respond to this issue. They know war is going to happen and know they are gonna ask for a duel investigation. The Serbian gov can't agree with this because the gov and the black hand are one. All July, the countries are kinda checking in on eachother bc of all the alliances, germany and austria hungary. Russia and pan slavism and france and serbia. They are all checking in on eachother but they all view each other as existential threats. 

There are general staff in all of these countries with war plans. Russia war plan is known as schedule 19 , they deploy troops against not just austro hungary but also with germany and modern poland. Their plan is to attack both at the same time.  France also has a war plan,(plan 17) they adopt the cult of the offense where they attack attack attack, they will invade germany through the alsace and lorraine which was the land they lost in the franco prussian war. Germany is gonna be faced with a two front war, the stupidity of wilhelm the second. Field marshal, Alfred von Sclieffen . Germany's plan is the Schlieffen plan, they figure out how many railroads they have and they estimate that russia will take longer to get to Germany and france will take a lot shorter, which is sorta true bc france is much closer. So they have to take out France first. To avoid two front wars, knock out France first. Use the 9/10ths of the army to invade france. They gamble that Russia will not be able to get to them in time. Inspiration from Hannibal's battle. His plan is that Germany will use almost the entire army to sweep through France and overwhelm them, forcing them to surrender. Then take the entire army out of France to fight russia, just like hannibal. Outmaneuver the enemy to get them to surrender. A German officer sells these plans to France but France doesn't believe it. Plus in order to do this, they have to violate belgium’s sovereignty. The Germans think Belgium will just let them through. They think the UK will be alright with it.(the UK started Belgium so they have an alliance) Schlieffen then retires and dies before this plan is ever used. These countries have developed large militaries and military plans, they view war as inevitable bc of social darwinism, in 1914, they choose to go to war, there are some politicians who want to stop this war but most dont bc they assume that war will be over in weeks and none of them know how long it will last.

The july crisis document:

Ultimatum is given from austr hungarian to serbia that if they dont do dual investigation they will declare war but serbia basically just says f off b. 

Germany says to Russia to demobilize troops, but can't do that, Or Germany will mobilize. Russia refuses to stop mobilizing and Germany then now mobilizes and declares war on russia causing the schlieffen plan to be enacted.germany is trying to prevent the war. Wilhelm asks what if we don't end up fighting just Russia and France, and asks to change it to just fight Russia instead. Helmth von Moltke(the younger one) then says no and chooses to keep the plan.  Wilhelm ll asks to change the plan to only fight Russia but he says this cannot be done and this brings France into this war. France had not mobilized yet at this point. So much put into this plan that they are not willing to change it. Potentially could have won war had he not said no to him. It was a war that was only supposed to be serbia against austro hungary but it morphs into euro war bc of all the alliances. This whole conflict begins to be known as WW1, it has not yet hit that stage yet though. They think that this war will not last long bc the indutrial rev and everybody trading with eachother, this will be hurtful to economy bc not trading anymore due to war. This means four years less of making moeny through trade. Everyone is excited for war bc they think will last two weeks but it will be four years. They are competing against eahcother over colonies for 30 years but not they finallys get to fight against eachother and prve they are better than everyone else.social darwinism. Four years later everybody f dead.

Benjamin disraeli is prime minister in british aand wanted the british empire, pushed for afghan war and zulu war. Gladstone was the prime minister who didnt want empire building and to focus on issues in britain instead. He thought that war was pointless. William gladstone is part of the labour party. Benjamin disraeli is part of the conservative party. This division stays until 1947. The Uk is taking steps towards war before it is declared. Belgium’s neutrality is violated after the schlieffen plan. Germany will fight the British and French at the same time. 

Globalisation document:

Globalisation- The world is connected both economically and politically, and begins to make various copies of itself, say a lot of countries became copies of the US. Globalization is spreading culture and influence. The author is saying that the first era of globalisation is before 1914 because of indy rev and everyone is trading. They are also interacting with each other by colonization. Connection of cultures through these. This is the era of great migration because people are moving and mostly going to the new world in the US. The grand illusion written by norman angell- his theory is that war will not happen because all of these countries are reliant on each other due to trading. He ends up being wrong and war lasts a long time. In 1914 the  trading patterns in europe are destroyed and they dont return until 1990s(end of cold war in 1989) because of war. They all believed that War is inevitable because of all the fighting in the economy and colonization and social darwinism. The politicians release a war that 1. They dont understand war because havent been a big industrialized war. Second indy rev so 1800-1900 they talking about the american civil war. It is industrialized and takes a while but still the euro dont look at this war bc they don't believe that this will happen to them because of their war plans but they were big time wrong. They do not comprehend the amount of carnage they can unleash. 2. Politicians are releasing a war that they cannot control. Clausewitz theory: war is continuation of policies by other means. If you can't do it diplomatically, you must go to war and the only reason for war is to achieve something politically. Austro hungary are the only group who declare war for diplomatic reasons. Everyone else does it because they view war as inevitable. WW1 is not Clausewitz theory besides austro-hungary. No other country has political reasons and just views them as an existential threat. That means the only way the war ends is if all the countries have been destroyed. How is his theory maybe correct- a.j.p. Taylor makes this argument that France, Russia and the UK had a political objective but it was never publicly outlined by the politicians, they subconsciously don't want Germany to become the dominant power. Germany is the largest European country- with most resources and most people, they dominate europe. WW1 is about denying Germany its destiny, fighting a war against them to prevent them from dominating europe. So Clausewitz could be right. Power structure has changed because qing dynasty is on the decline and has existed a long time and ottomans began in period one and is on decline and has lasted a long time, austro-hungary has existed for a very long time as well and are on decline, before war so some countries try to preserve their countries by choosing sides and war, the austro-hungary and the ottomans. Cause of ww1

Another cause for ww1 is social structures, what is being overthrown- feudalism. The nobles just sell their land and get into business but the issue now is the marxist theories and to overthrow the bourgeoisie. War is a force that brings your own nation together-centripetal force. Famous author, from marx to mars, the god of war. No longer worried about marxism but now worried about nationalism and nationalist survival. During war they take out or jail the labour protests and all the groups that don't support. France dont do that. Nationalism is the more important thing now. 

Conflict of opinion doc:

Its germany’s fault bc they lost and they can be the scapegoat. Russia is the real reason bc they want the turkish straights and that they are guilty. The question is that how did ww1 get caused. To what extent did blank cause ww1.

Returning to the notes:

The hitler photo:

Hitler writes sm to leader of bovaria and he gets to serve in the german military. 

The schlieffen plan:

It was bad because they weakened the right wing and Russia attacked them quicker than they thought. Russia invades Prussia and von Moltke makes troops from right wing to go to prussia battle of tannenberg and russia is defeated before the right wing troops arrived but they have weakened the right wing. Now france shifts weight to counter the plan and comes down to the battle of the marne. The Germans don't change their plan because von Moltke isn't confident. The French get to marne by taxi because their france war plan doesn't work. The Schlieffen plan fails because they weakened the right wing and so plan 17 and schedule 19 doesnt work. None of these plans work. Von moltke is blamed for the failure of the plan, really the plan wasn't possible tho like it's the plans fault because it is so much land to traverse and don't have enough supplies bc of the supply lines not working. The germans can't handle the plan bc of all the stuff they got to carry plus 23 kilometers. It's too much for them to move as quickly as the schlieffen plan needed. This war of movement bc europe isn't capable of it yet bc of technology. After a failed battle of the marne the Germans back up and dig trenches. The Belgians cuff off the German supply lines and the Germans now go into Belgian towns and take people hostage and also kill a bunch of people in town, the end justifies the means. That is what they believe and the Germans are very one minded. Them killing and taking people hostage makes the uk and russia and french create propaganda about the german. It is German soldiers whipping children. Another one is killing a bunch of children and then killing priests- which is true.

America in the war:

Dont get involved until 1917

Trench warfare:

Use bolt action rifles and maxim machine guns. They don't have the big scopes all the time but still have them. Most use the maxim machine gun and have firing power of roughly 30 soldiers, defensive weapons. The superiority of defensive weapons over offensive ones. Crossing no man’s land is no bueno. Barb wire in no man's land and also blown up in no man's land by modern artillery which can shoot from miles away. Shrapnel shells. Armor piercing shell to penetrate and blow stuff up. Shrapnel to kill and armor piercing used to blow stuff up. Men died in trenches even though nothing happened because they looked at no man’s land for a sec or because of disease. You're being shot at by artillery and 7k die in the British trenches a day, the offensives die less than the defensives. They start using camouflage over no man’s land. Only time its safe to look across it is during night time. Trench foot is where the feel start to decay and peel and rot because of the horrible conditions. Bad enough to possibly cut the feet off. 

Death by percentages:

Those killed in ww1, 70% of artillery, 30% by machine guns and rifles, less than 1% by bayonets and \knives. People thought the death percentages were gonna be like napoleanic wars. The general staffs believed that the highest percentage will be the bayonets and knives just like the napoleonic wars, they were obviously wrong. Their tactics are just wrong cuz they underestimated the modern weapons like machine guns and snipers, they shouldve looked at the american civila war but they dont look at it bc they think the war will be short. This is the indy rev effect on war. Tactics will have to chnage but the issue is that it will take four years. Military instituions are conservative and are opposed to change, it takes four years to change their tactics. The allied side is the Canadian who finds out and on the power side is germany. Small unit tactics- squad of 6 or 12. 

War becomes a disappearing act:

At the end of the conflict, there will be no human remains left to bury. 50% don't have human remains to bury them to mourn them. Emergence of the tomb of the unknown soldier-empty coffin they bury. It is one single coffin for all of the lost lives who were not given a proper burial. Both sides of the war come. One is in washington dc. 1920s. It is a disappearing act because of the technology and because it lasts 4 years and your remains are bombed and destroyed. Listed as MIA until find a body, most bodies were not found and it gives false hope to the families. 

Western front became static:

There are no general breakthroughs. There is no decisive battle because at most they advance 3-4 miles and this doesn't change until 1918. 7k die a day and its just a war of attrition- destroy every means of capacity of fighting. Like kill all people so can't fight any longer. Countries knowing the western front is static makes them decide to make technologies and continue the arms race as they come up with new means to kill one another. British come up with the bombs, food cans with shrapnel and a fuse. Chemical warfare, use chemicals in an attempt to kill the enemy the germans(first ones) develop chlorine gas and issue troop gas masks. The wind pushes it but then it pushes it back to them and now the french come up with a bag and goggles with ur pee in it which protects you from the gas. French develop new gas stuff but then the Germans develop new masks. None of them come up with new technologies that switch sides. The worst gas that was invented was nicknamed mustard gas. Put some masks on dogs and horses, the majority of things were still moved around by horse still. Mustard gas is the worst cuz it just burns your skin, if you dont cover your eyes quick enough, then ur eyes are burned and are now blind. Mostly used against the Germans or british. It kills u if you breathe it into ur lungs, ur lungs get blistered then pop and you drown in your own puss. After the war they signed to never use the gas again. 

Airplanes:

Are now developed to start using them for the military. It starts at the beginning of the war to see what is happening behind enemy lines, like if a bunch of troops or guns are being moved then sm is happening. They start bringing pistols with the airplanes and it doesnt go too well because you cant shoot a plane down with a pistol. They start putting machine guns on planes, they shoot the propellers off and they blow up. The engines werent very powerful at this time, not a lot of power and the planes have to be super light and are built out of cloth and plywood. Put the machine gun on the top wing but this makes it super inaccurate. The Germans developed a mechanism that would prevent the machine guns from blowing up the propellers. Then the other side gets it by taking one down and reengineering one for themselves. This is a big arms race. Who can develop the best train, the Germans contribute a lot to aero developments in war. Initial advantage for a while then the enemy develops a better kind and then it swaps and swaps. Most of the air forces are under the army. They believe it will break through trench warfare but one side doesn't have air superiority for a long time. The Germans have it for most of the end of the war. Fighters are the planes that take out other planes. Bombers are planes that bomb and grenade the battlefield. The most infamous fighter squad is manfred von richthofen, the red baron, he is the most lethal ace because he gets 80 planes himself. Their squad is called the flying circus cuz all the planes are wild wacky colors. Today if you shoot down 5 enemy planes you get the nickname of ace. The wacky colors are a threat to others cuz they so good, its like a try it b typa thing. Act of planes trying to get behind other planes is called dog fighting. The red baron never gets taken out by another plane but is acc shot in the back by a soldier. This is the indy revs effect  on war.  

Tanks:

1917 it is deployed. British develop it in secret. A tank is a big armored vehicle with big cannons on it. It is big metal thing cross no man land and the soldiers go behind the tanks to get to the next trench. They dont move very fast plus they cant get past the craters in no man’s land. No man’s land is filled with mud and craters so the tanks get stuck. They arent too too efficient, gives a little advantage but they dont break through. Then germans develop some and the advantage gets lost. One side develops new tech then the other sides comes up with copy or new counter to it. New ways of killing eahcother but the tactics never really chnage till 1918. 

Total War 1915:

In 1915 the war transitioned until a total war- country did anything and everything to win. There are some ways countries will do anything and everything to win. 1. A war in which a nation’s entire society is mobilized towards the objective of winning war, mobilization of manpower, mobilization of economic resources. 2. The unrestricted use of weapons and territory fought over. 3. The distinction between military and civilian is lost, all viable means of winning the war are pursued even at the cost of the civilian population, targeting civilian populations, the enemy within. 

The norm of war is now total war. Children and women make up for the men that are off fighting. The government economy is becoming socialist, they ration stuff like gasoline. Factories now instead of making pots and pans are now making ammo and helmets. The entire economy starts producing for the war effort. Theyre making tanks and jeeps and airplanes. Gases and chemical weapons are used. Nuclear weapons were used in ww2. Any inhumane weapons were used. This war moves and spreads. In previous wars, only soldiers were the ones who are killed but now everyone is involved in war efforts so everyone is killed now and they kill the civilians. War crimes. Governments make decisions that harm their own civilians because they only care about the war. They target enemy civilian populations. Concept of enemy within, there is a group that will turn on them and will be their enemy. German books are being burned and Germans in other countries are killed or change their last names. In germany during ww1 the enemies are the jewish population, myth that they didn't wanna help during war. 

Ex of total war, canary girls, they are women in britains that work in ammunition factories. Pouring explosives into the shell but she isn't wearing face covering or gloves so they begin to get sick because it is toxic. These women get sick and their skin starts to get yellow because of the poison and this happens during war so the government dont care and make them continue to do it. Government knows but dont care. Also famr hands start to have to work for the war effort. Women are working in factories. All societies are using propaganda, they make posters. Starting to use propaganda films and posters. People are trying to make it impossible for you to now support the war. 

1955 Zeppelin Raid on London:

Zeppelin is a big blimp. It is a raid that kills like a block in london. Germnay Specifically targeting british citizens, this is terror bombing. Get the citizens to talk to the gov to get them to call off the war. Take the wars from the trenches to the streets. The distinction between citizens and soldiers has been lost. This sets a precedent for WW2. zeppelin cant carry massive bombs but can still carry bombs. This is setting the norm for total wars, WW1 means that WW2 will also be a total war, eventually using nuclear bombs. 

British Blockade of Germany:

The british are at scapa flow and keep the german navy in the german ports and it shuts the german navy, jutlin battle is only navy battle. This blockade stops a lot of navy warfare.  The money on gigantic dreadnuaghts in germany are now wasted. Supplies for germany arent allowed to get through so  now germany cant get food or back up through the north sea. This leads to the Turnip Winter 1916-1917, Germany is out of food so now the civilian population has to turn to turnips and consumes mostly turnips and other scraps, turnip soup. This leads to the creation of Ersatz Foods, a German word which is a substitute for sm but is a lower and inferior quality. Put tree bark in tobacco to have more of it. Coffee from roasted barley. They have bread mixed with sawdust and stuff into the bread. Try to expand the amount of food they have to have more of it but it's not very good. This leads to the premature deaths of 500k and this happens to men women and children and not just Germany but mostly germany, also austria.

Armenian Genocide:

Ethnic minority in the ottoman empire that follows the eastern orthodox faith. The ottoman empire is on the german side and against russia. Total war creates an enemy within and they view the Armenians as a threat. Turks view armenians as an inside threat because they are chritians and that they might side with russia who is also cristian. They fear the Armenians will side with other christians such as russia. The young turks are in gov positions and they want to ottomanize the empire so they take all the Armenians and march them into the desert and leave them to die from exposure. Do this to tons of small armenian towns, the word spreads and russia does give the armenians weapons to fight back but not much. This is the first genocide ever because this is when the term genocide is adopted. Whole scale destruction of this group, they are specifically targeted for destruction. Difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide is that gencide is to eradicate the whole ethnic group and there has to be a consiparacy(has to be plan put in place) behind that ethnic group. The turks get away with this genocide. Nobody ever gets held accountable. Turkey emerged after WW1, even though the ottoman empire fell. 

World War 1915:

In 1915 the war began to transfer into a total war. From European war to world war. Allied side- UK- australia, canada, india, egypt, south africa, new zealand. France and Russia. Central powers- Germany, Austro Hungary, ottoman empire(look at which side will win and choose germany plus the other countries took land from them). These colonies in Africa begin to fight each other but it is just white officers leading black soldiers to go and fight enemies. The war in Europe goes to africa. Japan joins the allied side because they view ww1 as a chance to take control of parts of Asia while Europe is fighting. Japan takes Germany's colony, Shandong province, in china. They all control Germany in asia. Shandong is going to be very important. Japan does not deploy forces to europe. China joined the allied side in 1917, believing that the euros will leave them alone after the war. The French controlled Senegal and took senegalese men to serve in the war in europe. Vietnamese taken to France to fight for france. These groups choose to fight because they want to be viewed as equal by fighting well  in war. Majority of these colonies want to be under the home country. The indian sikhs served in the british army. Australians are taken and put to fight on the western front(france and belgium borders). China works in the war industry and not really fighting. Both chinese and indochinese, they are also used to dig countries because they dont really have armies but have laborers. They see four years of war where the white man kills himseld and this destroys white supremacy and this is where independance movements emerge. 

United States During the War:

Not until late 1917, troops not deployed until 1918. Officially, united states is neutral.Not really neutral. The president at this time was woodrow wilson, he is the son of a presbyterian preacher. He sees a wrong side and a wrong side, the allies are right because they have democracy but the central power has a militaristic monarchy. When the US joins the war, they join serbia at first and the black hand(a terrorist group). He views Germany as bad because they pillaged and killed many Belgium citizens. $174 million worth of goods exported to the central powers and $1.2 billion worth of goods exported to the allies. They did this because Germany was being blockaded by the British navy. All ships are prevented from reaching Germany or Austria Hungary because Britain controls the seas. Woodrow wilson doesnt say anything to britain about taking germany’s food even  tho going against international law bc he views the allied as better. Will allow american food shipments to belgium bc they are allied. Government literally choosing who dies and who deosnt. Remington rifle company, American rifle company. Producing weapons and ammo for the allied side, uk, russia, france. WW1 makes US the industrial power in the world because supplying so much ammunition plus US factories dont get harmed. 

Documentary;

France viewed the key to winning war was to only emphasize the attack and not the defense so did not have good defense now good trenches. Falkenheim wants a war of attrition, we don't know if that's what he meant to do but he takes verdun but wouldn't be able to continue to go on. Not many sources of his war plans because he destroyed most of them. He probably didn't mean to do it. France views an attack on verdun as an attack on all of france. War of attrition is destroying the enemy and resources so give up fighting or cant fight at all. Battle of verdun Didnt work because blood bath for both sides. This battle does destroy the french army and now britain is doing more fighting now. If US didnt get involved then verdun couldve been viewed as a great success for germany. General Phillip Petain is who was hero of verdun and made france win battle of verdun

Battle of somme. Pals battalion, join the british army with ur friends and you get to stay with them. Only british officer that prepares for a long war is lord Kitchener(hero of boer wars). Britian used propaganda to get people to join the war. Entire groups and communities of men would die. Issue with pals batallion is that they have little to no history or training. Douglas haig. Britain’s plan was to bombard and then go rush no man’s land. British industry not producing enough shells, national scandal. 1916 sir douglas haig has to attack. Alleviate pressure of verdun forces britian to make haig fight.. They only have shrapnel shells but they need high explosive shells so basically the germans survive because the shells were not good enough or the right kind. In one day 55-60,00 die in one day. “The great fuck up” in british history. British public think its a smashing success at first cuz the gov censored the media. Propaganda film is made for british support and is played in theatre but the british realzie the cruelty and the number of deaths that were happening on the british side. 

Battle of passchendaele. 1917 sir douglas haig, break through german lines, british tanks and airpalnes. Dig underneath and put mines in their and they completely blow up the german trenches. Dont push through germany bc argue about resources and who takes charge. But within two weeks the rainy season begins and now no mans land is a field of man. Passchendaele is the land battle with the most deaths by drowning. Some love haig some hate haig.

1917 The Year if Mutiny

Almost every country has some sort of mutiny, uk, france, russia. French mutiny, the army has basically been wiped out in verdun. France launches an offensive but many soldiers refuse to cross no man’s land so the french army gather up the ring leaders and kill them and fire the commanding officer. This commanding officer promises what the French army wants, to defend France but not go on the offensive until they have new weapons and new allies. French will build tanks. The Battle of Verdun is a success for Germany because they are out of the war. The allies basically say they will wait until the united States gets into the war. Russia mutiny, cause the russia revolution. When the czarist russia gets taken over by the bolsheviks. 

Background on russia gov:

Ends serfdom but not really because they are so poor because the peasants have to pay all the taxes so they basically just stay in the manors. In Russia you are filthy rich or dirt poor. Largely agrarian. Majority of people live in houses made of sod and trees. Single room huts with the live stock. Romanovs get the faberge eggs for easter. Famous jewlry with little jewels that they get to keep. This divide allows for communism. 

Tsar Nicholas 2 and Tsarina Alexandra:

Romanov and is the tsar but he is not prepared because his father dies suddenly of kidney and disease and he had to take over. Tsarina alexandra, she is prussian(german) and the average russian citizen doesnt like her. She is the favorite granddaughter of queen victoria. Nicholas is grandson of queen victoria and are like second cousins. Marry for love but also gain. She has a very strong belief in mysticism(spirits and supernatural). She has to convert to eastern ortho but still has beliefs in mystsicism. She really strongly believes in autocracy and that they were selected to rule by god. 

Alexei:

Heir and has four older sisters. He has hemophilia where your blood doesnt clot and can bleed out very easily. Bleeds a lot. Received it from his mother. It is a genetic mutation because they are inbred. 

Rasputin:

Maybe a member of khlysty, a religious sect of eastern ortho that was excommunicated. Their connection to god was through a spiritual connection to god through orgasm through sex and that thye held many orgys together. He becomes a strannik, a slef roaming man of god and not in an order but self appointed. He is a womanizer and seduced a large number of women. He was also a drunkard. The greater the sin the greater the repentance. Between sinning and repenting, would go sin and then go be alone for a week. He moves to st petersburg and has interactions with the monarchs. They find him funny so they invite him to their parties. Tsarina was also left alone and on the side of the parties, she meets rasputin and talks to him about her son. From time to time they would bump into each other and he would pray for her sons health conditions. Someones writes a book that outlines a book that exposes his debauchery but tsarina doesnt likes this so she has the russia state censor it. 

Summer of 1912:

At the summer palace, and alexie is on a gunwhale of a boat and he slips falls and is internally bleeding non stop for weeks and almost dies. Mom is freaking out big time and is very worried because this could be end to the romanov family.  She telegrams out for prayers and help. She telegram rasputin but he says “this illness is not dangerous, don’t let the doctors worry him.” and the miraculously alexei is all of a sudden completely better. Mom views rasputin is a holy man and he has healing powers. He goes from outsider to queen’s closest advisor. What happened was they gave aspirin to alexei. Rasputin didnt believe in pharmaceuticals, he tells her no more meds and he doesnt need em. This was good bc aspirin is a blood thinner which is bad. Rasputin guesses right.

The War:

Beginning of the war, Duma was represented on the war council. The closest advisors of the tsar has the say in the war. Tsarina doesn't like this bc she doesnt like the duma, she replaces all of them and now rasputin takes over. And he is now prime minister. They have a failed russian war effort bc not enough materials and stuff. Defeated in battle of tannenberg. Disaster 1915,1916, 1917 they just don't do good. They enter a war they arent prepared for. Tsar busy visiting the front, left tsarina in charge in st petersburg. The issue is that rasputin is basically serving as unofficial prime minister. Rasputin makes advice on all decisions. The issue is that rumor is that rasputin is the lover of the russian queen and an affair between them . failure of the Russian gov to secure food supply. Russia is so wide and vast that they cant get all the food to everyone and it takes a long time. Very complicated and takes a lot of planning. Issue is that rasputin who ends up organizing it but he doesn't do a good job and does not supply his own society with food and this leads to a loss of legitimacy. He also names himself head of the russian ortho church and this alienated people in the empire. He also made changes in the church and named a bunch of saints and made random holidays. Only way autocrats can justfify their rule is religion but now that crazy man is ruling and is making fundamental changes to the church. Now tsar nicholas is losing legitimacy in the state. Germany hears of this and they fly vladimir Lenin from Switzerland to Russia because he is leader of bolsheviks who want to take over, they put Lenin on a train from Switzerland through Germany to Russia and tell him to take over the government. The rumor is that they put him on a “sealed train car”. Germany doesn't like lenin but they still send him to russia. Before lenin arrives and starts planning,(first phase of the revolution) > There are strikes in st petersburg at grain warehouses where peasants take the warehouses and get the food from the warehouses. By 1917 the army was no longer loyal to the tsar which was the whole reason he was still in power to begin with, so now there are mass mutinies on the frontline and the guards aren't protecting warehouses anymore. Killing officers and going back home from the frontline. Russia turns on the tsarist gov and now he abdicates his throne and gives up his throne and is put under house arrest. Temp government is created where the duma officially rules over russia while they figure out what they want. They make a dummy mistake and choose to continue the war.

(second phase of revolution, the bolshevik phase) The October Revolution:

The new provisional government is now overthrown by the Bolsheviks. The bolsheviks promise three things;peace, land, bread.  they meet in train station adn urban centers. They promise that ww1 will end and pull out of war. Feudalism has officially ended but sitll kinda happens. They promise land and wealth redistribution to all the peasant farmers. Promise to feed and stabilize the food supply. Promise to succeed where rasputin failed. He is eventually killed, tsar can't order him killed bc it would make his wife mad so basically the government unofficially has him assassinated. Originally try to poison him but he survives and then he gets shot. The revolution chant is “all power to the soviets”. The form of gov that the bolshviks promise is not what ends up happening. The Soviet is a council of workers or soldiers so a representative democracy. They dont vote but are selected to represent. They are promising a soviet style of rep democracy and is the complete opposite of monarchy. They storm the winter palace and overthrow the provisional government. Then russia enters a state of civil war. During this they have taken over the government and reach out to germany for a treaty to end war. 

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:

This is the treaty that the bolsheviks sign with russia to end the war with germany. This is what pulls russia out of the war. Russia promises them land in astonia lavonia and parts of poland and most importantly ukraine who was the breadbasket(most agriculture area) of europe. War in the east is going good for germany but this land helps them end the war for russia. They dont get the food supply from Ukraine though fighting is still going on in Ukraine due to the civil war. On paper really good but doesnt chnage many things for germany. 

Marxism vs Leninism:

How does lenin in implementing marxism how does he fundamentally change some key aspects: 1. If we are going to from capitalism to communist society , they must be capitalist first but lenin says that they can go straight from feudalist to communist proletariat group. 2. Marx believed that revolution doesnt have to happen but lenin really pushed for the revolution and continues to push for change and not want to limit change and that the revolution shoul continue after they gain power. 3. Marx wants the dictatorship of the proletariat where it is the whole of the working class that they should all form soviets over the bourgeiosu but lenin actually the party elite rules over the soviet union even tho it is supposed to be this proletairst group it is and autocratic stats not ruled by tsar but ruled by the communist party under lenin’s direction and he believes in worldwide revolution just like marx. 

Marxism vs Leninism vs Stalinism

^The contradiction within the formation of the soviet state:

According to marxism and leninism but it actually ends up being diff. In 1917 they hold election and let the people vote but this backfires on the bolsheviks because they utterly lose the election so they don't keep their word and honor the election. They select soviets and arent really elected because the bolsheviks party choose who rules. Basically one party dictatorship is created. Status quo antebellum. Civil war between the reds and the whites, the bolsheviks take control of russian gov and called the reds and is the red revolution, the whites were the soldiers fighting for the tsar. War erupts as various people want the return of the tsar. War communism where lenin carries out communism and gov has to control economic and food .This backfires because 90% of all food production shrinks and all industrial production shrinks by 50%. They take control of farms and mines but this backfires big time bc why would you work hard anymore. NEP(new eco policy), need food and industrial might so they give up on communism and allow market economy and private ownership and dont care full communism and socialism. They bring capitalism back. Weird socialist state, key industries are owned by the state but smaller industries owned by private individuals. Weird contraditicon of itself. The communism doesnt work bc there is no incentive to work hard. 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics- USSR- 1922:

The civil war ended in 1922. socialist/capitalist state. The russian lasted a long time after the war and the formation of the USSR(ccp) until much later. Russia is the main state but there are others where they get to rule themselves sorta. Russia created this union because they were the leaders of this nationalist independence, the bolsheviks promised these countries national independence that Stalin wrote. 

What happens to tsar nicholas and family:
Officials didn't know until 1991(collapse of USSR). Bodies are recovered. The bolsheviks don't know what to do with them but might put them on trial. On limbo for several years where the family is moved from cite to cite. They are brought into a room one night for photos but instead they are shot by a bunch of bolsheviks. The bodies were buried in a mass grave and acid was spread on the bodies in an attempt to destroy the remains. For years nobody knew what happened because all the leaders say they don't know what happened but in 1991 the grave was found and they were given a proper burial.

Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff:

Take over from von falkenheim place from his loss at verdun. These men are national heroes and have been since 1914. These are the two guys that win the battle of tannenberg and these guys take control of the german army and send lenin to russia. They are given power over all of the German state. All the food for citizens was given to the army. The Kaiser wilhelm  was able to give these two powers because the general staff is seperate from the legislature and the legislature has no say in the military. The military is independent of the government meaning they can take control of the government. Germany is running out of food and supplies and they are aslo scared that the US are going to get involved in the war.. So they make a gamble but this gamble causes the US to join. They resume unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. German submarines are called u-boats. Its a pretty suicidal branch bc very dangerous. Send the submarines into the atlantic and go sink the ships of resources that are being sent to the british isles. They sink anything and everything. In 1915, they sink the lusitania which caused them to stop doing submarines. This ship was secretly stored with ammo but there are people on it. German torpedoes sink it off the coast of Ireland and there are British and united states citizens. They just killed civilians so big nono and they used propaganda to make germans look evil even though there was a bunch of ammo and stuff on it. The germans are now viewed very horribly. They called off unrestricted submarine warfare after this in 1915.  The next thing the two do is the zimmerman note to Mexico that says if the US should join ww1 then texas new mexico and mexico should go against US and side with germany. The British find the note first and keep in and when unrestricted submarine warfare started back again, the British gave the zimmerman note to the US which caused them to join WW1. the zimmerman note was a violation of roosevelt corollary, if you interfere with the americas and the united states colonies then they freak out and go against anybody who does it. These two are what get the US in the war. The third is the russian revolution.

Allies- uk(rep democracy), russia(absolute monarchy), france(republic)

Central- germany(monarchy), AH(monarchy), ottoman empire(sultanate) in woodrow wilson’s eyes.

Ww1 after the Russian revolution was a war for democracy. This is wrong but Wilson believes this is the truth.  “The world must be made safe for democracy” is totally wrong but wtv this is what he thinks.  Wilson asked congress to declare war against germany. This is april 1917. They are not prepared for war, bc takes time for soldiers to get ready for war. 

Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
Point of this is Make world a safe democracy and prevent another WW. he gives this after america has declared war for the allies. None of these other states are bound by these 14 points and many of these points are not going to be followed. POINT 5, “V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.”  by colonial claims he means that the french algerians. The populations should have the same concerns as the people that believe them meaning that the algerians should believe in the same stuff as the french. Non white groups come to view the white people as just killing each other. View them as less now because the enlightened ideas aren't doing anything good. The myth of white supremacy was destroyed by ww1, the birthplace of decolonization was in france during ww1. France wants to keep Algeria but Algeria wants to be sovereign. According to Wilson these ideas are equal but fundamentally these things aren't equal. This passage makes zero sense at all. “Self determination” people believe that this is what wilson is saying, the people decide what should happen to them. Everybody else now believes that the united states believes in colonization. But wilson doesnt really believe this bc US has colonies. Political geography of the world changes due to the belief of self determinism and bc of ww1. 

POINT 14- describes the creation of the UN, the father of the UN is the league of nations. The league of nations cannot deploy troops and the US is not part of it. The UN is the same but with the US and can deploy troops, he wants this to prevent wars. The idea of the league of nations and UN is to prevent war but it will still help cause war. He really wants the league of nations and compromises a lot, but he believes once it is created it can iron itself out. “New world order” this becomes known as this. Everything is public now bc we all friends(not really true but ig to a degree). 

The end of the War:

Germany 1918 offensive, the germans go 20-30 of so miles but they are now worn out realize the war is not over yet and this is the beginning of the end. This victory is what defeeats germany. They dont have any man power left. The allies launch a counter attack and break through the german lines and advance towards germany. The best military is now defeated and goes trough the frontlines. It is mostly the british and french that breakthrough so it is won by their armies, not the US army. French and british army are advancing towards germany so Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff admit they are losing and ask wilson for a cease fire. Wwilhelm chose the US to ask because they havent been in the war very long bc they haven't lost many lives yet. Going into the peace treaty wilson would have a lot of power but he acc doesnt take the opportunity and dummy up. Ludendorff and Kaiser fled Germany and the Kaiser abdicated his throne, no longer ruler of germany. Germany no longer has a government but German politicians established the Weimar Republic formed on November 9, 1918 which is Germany's first real republic. They do this because they hope the US will like them because they are a republic, but the Germans don't like republics.  The Weimar republic signed the armistice with the French and UK on the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, in the eleventh month of 1918. The guns fall silent in the west but the fighting and killing is still going on in the east. 

January 1919-the spartacist upriging:

The civil war is happening and Lenin is saying the worldwide proletariat rev should happen. Communist Germans view this as a chance to overthrow the Weimar republic bc there is still political instability. The weimar republic cant put it down bc they dont have an army so the freikorp is formed. These are groups of veteran soldiers that form individual units. They go out and kill the communists in cold blood and this is viginalte justice. These vetwerans hate the weinmer republic but they they hate the communists worse so they kill the communists. “Theviolence of trenches was brought home”. Assassination of rosa luxembourg, she was the leader of the spartakist uprising in berlin, they kill her and through her body in a river then go get a thing of beer. Nobody realizes what happneed to her until two week later when her decomposed body is caught washed up. The weimer republic let them get away with muder bc they the reason tehy still there. The city of Munich is controlled by communists and is a communist republic in germany but is taken over by the freikorp and given back to the weimer. National socialism. Rudolph hoess, 1920s, he is in the friekorp and in his unit one of them is supposed to be a communist so they kill the supposed communit. The german gov says yall gone too far so they put rudoplh hoess on trial for murder but he is relaeased and he later becomes a leader in aushwitz. Germans are whoever are strong enough to rule germany.