Verb:

action verb: jump sleep think

linking verb: is are was had

Verbals: noun, adjective, or adverbs

Infinitive: to+base form of the verb

• noun:

  subject: usually at beginning

  • To climb Mt. Everest is my greatest ambition.

  direct subject: answers “what”, after the action verb

  • I want to climb Mt. Everest someday.

  subject complement: after linking verb

  • My plan is to climb Mt. Everest before I turn 40.

• adjective: follows a noun

  • That is not the way to speak to your elders.

• adverb: answers “why” doesn’t automatically follow a noun

  • You came here to study.

participle: answers “what kind” or “which one”, used as an adjective

• present:

  A winning sound came from the engine of the car.

  I was not expecting to hear disappointing news.

  Smiling, the official shook my hand.

• Past:

  The cracked ice looked like sharp shards of glass.

  Disgusted, Levi walked away without a word.

  Her boss sounds like a broken record.

Gerund: noun, ends in -ing form and noun

• Subject:

  • Laughing is good for health.

• Subject Complement: linking verb

  • Seeing is believing.

• Direct Object: action verb

  • She likes dancing.

• Preposition: preposition

  • We begin the class by praying.

• Appositive:

  • My favorite sport, running, requires great effort.

Sensory Images: mental pictures created by words that describe what we sense

• Visual: see

• Auditory: hear

• Olfactory: smell

• Tactile: feel/touch

• Gustatory: taste

Short Story: brief fictional narrative focusing on a single incident and a few characters, self-contained not part of a series.

Elements:

1. Setting: where and when

2. Characters: person or animal who takes part in the action of the story

• Main Character: The story’s focus

• Minor Characters: Not the focus

2 Types of Characters:

• Protagonist: Action is centered around them.

• Antagonist: Antagonizes the main character.

Character Quality:

• dynamic or changing- changes throughout the story

• static or unchanging: doesn’t change throughout the story

3. Conflict: the opposing force that causes the problem, creates tension and interest

• Man vs himself: internal

• Man vs man: external

• Man vs nature: external

• Man vs society: external

• Man vs technology

• Man vs Fate or God

4. Plot: sequence of events

• Exposition: the beginning of the story

• Rising action: beginning of the conflict

• Climax: intense part of the story

• Falling action: characters deal with consequences

• Resolution: end of story

5. Point of view: perspective

• First-person: the narrator is a character

• Second-person: the reader is a character

• Third-person limited: The narrator is an outsider, and only knows the thoughts of one character.

• Third-person omniscient: The narrator is an outsider, but is “all-knowing”

• Third-person objective: The narrator only relates what is perceived by their senses.

Poetry: A type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm, that employs meter and rhyme.

Stanzas: series of lines grouped and separated by an empty line

Form:

• Lyric poetry: only one speaker and expresses strong thoughts and feelings

1. Sonnet: love

2. Elegy: loss

3. Ode: devotion or praising

• Narrative: tells a story in poetic form

• Dramatic Poetry: has “ “

Elements and poetic devices:

1. Persona: poet’s assumed voice

poetic devices:

• rhyme: repetition of similar sounds

1. end rhyme [a, a, b, b]

2. alternate rhyme[a,b,a,b]

3. internal rhyme: middle and end of a line

   “In a mist or cloud, on mast or shroud”

4. masculine rhyme: one syllable

5. feminine rhyme: two syllables

6. eye rhyme: based on spelling

• Meter: consists of several syllables and a pattern of emphasis

1. 1 foot [monometer]

2. 2 foot [diameter]

3. 3 foot [trimester]

4. 4 foot [tetrameter]

5. 5 foot [pentameter]

6. 6 foot [hexameter]

• Iamb [duh-DUH] 2 syllables

• trochee [DUH-duh] 2 syllables

• Anapest [duh-duh-DUH] 3 syllables

• Dactyl [DUH-duh-duh]

The figure of speech:

1. simile: as or like

2. metaphor: a direct comparison between things

3. personification: uses human traits to describe inanimate objects

4. hyperbole: exaggeration

5. apostrophe: addressing or talking to an absent or abstract person

6. metonymy: substitutes a word for another word

7. synecdoche: uses a part to represent a whole or vice versa

sound devices: a literary tool used to emphasize sound

1. alliteration: repetition of initial consonants [Front]

2. assonance: repetition of vowels

3. consonance: repetition of consonants [anywhere]

4. onomatopeia: word imitates a sound

making connections: relating what we read to our existing knowledge

3 kinds of connections:

1. text-to-self: text and life experience

2. text-to-text: similarities between two texts

3. text-to-world: text to events in the world

analyzing literature as a means of understanding values:

we can learn important values or lessons from literature, this is a method used by elders to teach their young kids.