Unit 7

Roosevelt Corollary: extension of the monroe doctrine → US acts as a police for the Western hemisphere (police Latin America) (example of imperialism → pre WWI)

→ “speak softly and carry a big stick” (no one will mess with the US b/c they have naval superiority)

Immediate cause for US entry in WWI: Lusitania and Zimmerman telegram → moreover, Germany abandons sussex pledge  + commits to unrestricted submarine warfare

US contributions to WWI (troops and supplies): Prior to US entry allies were struggling fighting the Entente alliance. The US sent many fresh troops and breathed new energy into the war effort. With US help allies were able to win the war.

War Industries Board (factories to wartime production): created in WWI under Wilson → increased industrial production to support the war effort → boosts economy

Great Migration: African American people move North 1910s-1970s → harlem renaissance (moved to escape racial violence and gain economic opportunities)

Schenck vs US(US wins): court ruled that freedom of speech could be limited if posed a threat/dangered citizens → supports espionage act (curtailment of free speech)

African-American experience post WWI: de facto segregation, redlining, race riots (red summer), Harlem renaissance. Despite survival given during the war, the US provided little life improvement afterwards. 

Red Scare: targets immigrants + labor unions after the bolshevik revolution (USSR=communist) → americans worried immigrants were influenced by USSR (palmer raids took place)

Scopes Trial: Scopes taught evolution in Tennessee, not allowed because the school wanted bible teachings → found guilty + arrested, but then eventually reversed → modernism versus fundamentalism 

1920s economy: the economy was booming → rise of consumerism and the middle class (images of the flapper emerge)

1920s consumerism/installment buying → credit: middle class could now buy cars, radios, etc. with credit (overextension factor in Great Depression)

Flappers ideal/reality: flappers showed their ankles, wore skirts above their knees, etc → represented a sexually liberated woman (idea). In reality, many women didn’t fit this stereotype and those who did faced criticism from older generations for abandoning traditional gender roles

Hoover's initial response to Depression: limited gov’t intervention (ideas line up w/the gilded age), then rose tariffs (smoot-hawley tariff), lastly created RFC (reconstruction finance corporation), but ultimately did not do enough for the economy (DIPPED HIS TOE IN THE POOL) 

First hundred days, bank holiday: FDR created his “alphabet soup” of organizations to boost the economy. The bank holiday shut down all the banks and reopened them once they had enough reserves, and the FDIC was created to insure people’s money. 

Name one govt program to create jobs in the New Deal: CCC, PWA, WPA

Roosevelt Recession (1937-38): FDR thought GD was over (or getting there), so he cut back on federal spending and congress increased reserve requirements → UE spiked up again… in response increased federal spending again

US isolationism in the 1930s: Reciprocal trade agreements, NYE Committee (isolationist group), slowly get involved in war → Neutrality acts (1935, 1936, 1937, 1939), cash and carry (supporting allied powers France, GB, and Russia). FDR urging invention early on

US contributions to WWII: provided arms/military equipment  to allies, created a powerful military/navy/airforce, key role in D-Day, great role in the pacific front, manhattan project (big role in ending war) 

Women's role on homefront/pay gap: “rosie the riveter” represented more women involvement in mobilization and the war effort, jobs in factories, non-combat roles in military (ex: nurses, pilots, clerks, postal workers), no equal pay to men 

Japanese internment: During WWII, FDR implemented Executive order 9066, placing Japanese americans in internment camps → happened after Pearl Harbor (american fear of japanese spies) → Kormatsu vs. US (upheld internment camps)

anti-semitism in the US and impact on refugees: SS St. Louis, ship turned away with 20,000 German refugees (all jewish) → showed anti-simetic beliefs. Anti-semitism shown through the rejection of the Wagner-Roger bill

decision to drop the atomic bomb: Japan was unwilling to surrender – refused to back down (even if it meant endangering their people). US gave them a warning before dropping it – then did it  (ended the war permanently) end war fast, minimize losses from land invasion                                                                          

US position as a world power post WWII:Question of if the US or USSR would be the one world power. Both become world powers, but there could only be one on top → cold war. 

Containment: policy of containing communism to the East → keep western democracy and capitalist economy (want to make sure Soviet Union doesn’t have global advantage)

Unit 8

Truman Doctrine: policy of containing communism by supporting any country that is a threat of communism (started with Greece and Turkey) → marked the beginning of a new era of foreign policy

Marshall Plan: $13B in economic aid to Western European countries. Aid was provided in the form of grants, loans, and supplies, including food, machinery, and fuel. 

Korean War and outcome: Proxy-war → Korea split on the 38th parallel, North communist, South anti-communist → war took place and the boundary stayed the same

McCarthyism: Joseph Mcarthy (US senator of Wisconsin) → big anti-communist and attacked the state department → claimed that the gov was filled with communist spies (argument became unreliable when he attacked the military) → expanded beyond gov/military and also attacked Hollywood stars(Hollywood 10). Related to second red scare which targeted government personal rather than traditional labor unions (1st scare)

Eisenhower Doctrine: Eisenhower’s policy of assisting countries in the Middle East that were threatened by communism → expands policy of containment (keep trying to make sure Soviet influence doesn’t take over)

Cuban Missile Crisis (JFK): the closest point in the cold war to nuclear destruction → USSR had missiles stationed in Cuba and US had them stationed in Turkey And Italy → eventually both pulled back and followed Detente

GI Bill: provided aid to veterans → they could go to college or money for home (most went to school) → led to creation of middle class 

Brown v. Board of Education: Overturned Plessy v. ferguson → separate facilities are inherently unequal → desegregate w/ “deliberate speed” (some sort of step in the right direction but no actual enforcements/implementation of change)

Southern Manifesto: response to Brown v. Board → It condemned the ruling as an abuse of judicial power and declared opposition to the integration of public schools (argued that desegregation was a state’s rights issue) → many schools closed just to avoid desegregation. Prolonged the racial discrimination in the South.

Emmett Till: talked to a white women in a grocery store → women claimed he was disrespectful → in response he was brutally murdered and his corpse became nationally acknowledged → murderers were arrested but not convicted, couldn’t fully confirm it was Till’s body due to his brutal killing (shows bias court)

Rosa Parks: Refused giving up her seat on a bus to white people → catalyst for the montgomery bus boycotts (national symbol of AA resilience and activism)

Civil Rights Act 1964: legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (big accomplishment for Civil Rights), still unequal voting rights bc of poll tax and literacy tests 

Voting Rights Act 1965: removed the literacy tests (worked w/ the 24th amendment to defend African Americans ability to vote) (huge success in the civil rights movement)

Great Society: Lyndon B. Johnson expanded federal power (similar to Progressive era, and New deal) → medicare/medicaid, more welfare programs, → aimed to conquer war on poverty 

Immigration Act 1965: abolished 1924 immigration quotes. Prioritized families and skilled laborers (increase migration from latin america). 

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: unofficial war declaration in Vietnam → gave LBJ power to proceed as needed → resulted from Gulf of tonkin “incident”

Tet Offensive: VietCong attack in south vietnam. Unsuccessful, but showed ARVN and US vulnerabilities → saw that the US wasn’t invincible → “credibility gap” → resulted in more americans against war + undermined Johnson

Impact of Vietnam War at home, anti-war movement: → SDS (port huron statement) → against the war, YAF (sharon statement) → supports the war, draft (poor boys fight)

1968 election, Silent Majority → Nixon elected (landslide) → b/c of the lack of trust in democrats → silent majority refers to americans (nixon's supporters) who had conservative beliefs, but did not display their opinions to the public (want peace w/ war)

Nixon's Vietnamization strategies: lowered troops in Vietnam → made Vietnamese people fend for themselves, starting to pull US out

Nixon's foreign policy: detente (lessening tensions with USSR + new openness with china). First president to visit China, SALT I (agreement with Premier Brezhnev) → limited arms + took significant step toward ending arms race 

OPEC/oil embargo: Middle eastern countries put an embargo on oil after the US supported Israel in a conflict with the Arab states. → jumped US gas prices, caused major inflation, led to energy crisis

Watergate: wire tapping to find out plans of Democrats → Nixon arranged hush money for burglars, showed corruption in gov’t + major distrust among public, Nixon eventually resigns presidency (initially super popular president, but the tables turned)

deindustrialization/rust belt: Midwest deindustrialized and industry economy turned into a service economy → rust belt referred to midwestern + northern states who used to be major industrial centers 

ERA and STOP ERA: Feminist movement wanted an equal rights amendment → fought for it since the 1920s. Almost was passed, but Phyllis Schllafly (conservative activist) argued that the amendment would take away women’s rights, supported nuclear family/ traditional values 

Roe v. Wade: abortion <3 Before Roe v. Wade, abortion laws varied widely across the United States, with many states imposing strict regulations or outright bans on the procedure. 

Camp David Accords: pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland. The successful mediation of the Camp David Accords enhanced the U.S. role as a key mediator in the Middle East peace process and bolstered Carter's foreign policy legacy.

Title IX: Extension of the civil rights amendment → more independence for women (equal access for athletics in highschool / college)

Stonewall Riots:  Police raided gay bar, but for the first time the men fought back *this gained attention for gay rights 

1980 Election/New Right: America becoming conservative → new right was coalition of religious conservatives trying to bring religion into politics. Anti-communists, religious sector, and free market capitalists. After Carters struggles, Reagan (R) 

Unit 9

Reaganomics and impact: supply side economics → thought if lower taxes, the wealthy would contribute, financially, to society in a different way (investment). Based on theory, not facts. Thought money would trickle down.  

Gorbachev/Glasnost and Perestroika: Gorbachev more lenient, aimed to change the system. Principles of glasnost and perestroika gave more political and economic freedoms to citizens in the USSR. Reagan and Gorbachev were able to negotiate an ending to the cold war

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement → increased relations between the US. Canada, and Mexico. Economic integration in North America with the goal of offsetting economic growth in Europe. 

Clinton Admin/1994 midterm elections(republicans take control of congress): Clinton became more conservative after the “Contract with America” was published . 

2000 election: Very close call between Bush and Al Gore. Florida revolting bc of butterfly ballot. Eventually, supreme court stopped recounting, declaring Bush the president 

9/11: Al Qaeda (terrorist org.) → attacked the twin towers and the pentagon → War on terror (US susceptible to smaller scale attacks that can hurt people)

Bush Doctrine/Preemptive war:  the idea of preventative war. International law states that there must be an imminent threat in order to justify a nation’s aggression against another nation. However, in light of terrorism, the Bush Doctrine made it so the US would attack in “anticipatory self-defense” to prevent terrorism. Bush then identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as threats. 

USA PATRIOT Act: following 9/11, Bush wanted greater control over threats of terrorism. Congress swiftly passed the act, which allowed for the government ability to monitor citizens suspected of terrorism and apprehend them. The Act was also intended to control and punish terrorism in the US and worldwide. 

Affordable Care Act: first major change in American health care since Medicare. The Act created universal health insurance by giving subsidies and encouraging larger businesses to give coverage to employees. Healthcare became more accessible and affordable.