APUSH Period 1 + 2 Review (1491-1607) (1607-1754)

Period 1:

Southwest Region

Pueblo Indians - Grew as a result of the spread of maize into the American Southwest. They created irrigation ditches and dams to cultivate maize. 

Navajo - Also settled in the Southwest, hunter gatherers. Adopted crop farming techniques from the Pueblo Indians to cultivate mainly maize. 

Great Basin/Great Plains Region - very dry region

The Comanches - Expert raiders, adopted horses that were brought over by Europeans. Took hunting and foraging methods, traded gathered goods for weapons and food. 

The Utes - Very powerful tribe, buffalo hunters. Also adopted horses from Europeans, gathered roots and nuts. 

Southern Pauites - Hunter gatherers who did not use horses, often attempted to raid. 

**The main food source in this region was buffalo. 

Northeast Region - (Misssissippi River Valley and Atlantic Seaboard)

Iroquois - A confederacy of tribes (tribes together in loose government structure), located in upstate New York. They hunted in the forest, fished, grew maize, and gathered roots, nuts, and berries. Very matriarchal (dominated this area with Algonquians).

Algonquians - Rival of the Iroquois, they fished, hunted, and gathered. 

Cherokee - Cultivated various types of plants like squash and sunflower, they also created new art forms. 

Cahokia - Located in the Mississippi River Valley, they utilized hunter/gatherer economies, as well as they developed the earth and land. This was one of the largest, and most complex groups that settled in the U.S. 40,000 people, in present day St. Louis. 

Northwest Region

Chinook - Did a lot of fishing, as they lived in a very watery region. They also hunted, and built canoes and houses out of wood. Longhouses were present in Iroquois culture to house dozens of people, Chinooks called these plankhouses. 

Nez Perce - Group that was migratory towards abundant food. They formed permanent winter villages and camps. They traveled to the Montana plains to hunt buffalo, also migrated towards the West Coast to fish for salmon. 

European Expansion into New World (Start 1492)

• Christopher Columbus - Explorer that convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to send him on a voyage in attempts to find a faster route to the Indies. He was also motivated by easy conversion of native Arawaks and Tainos to Christianity, and he also sought new wealth through gold and slaves. 

• Columbian Exchange between the New World and Old World:

  New World:

  • Corn, potatoes, beans, cocoa beans

  • Precious metals (gold and silver)

  • Tobacco

  Old World:

  • Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee beans

  • Horses, cows, pigs

  • Small pox, measles, influenza, typhus

• Rise of mercantilism in the new world, colonies exist for the good of the mother country, merchants investing to make a profit off of precious metals and food resources.

• Sextant was established as a navigational tool used to more easily navigate to America, leading to safer voyages with lower risk.

• Joint-stock Companies were used heavily by the British and Dutch, as it reduced the risk of investing in expeditions. Multiple people were investing, meaning shared risk and wealth, leading to more voyages and colonization.

• The Spanish were first to introduce African slavery, as Native populations were shrinking and resisting the Encomienda system.

• Middle Passage was used to bring African slaves over to America for laboring purposes. This was a very long and difficult voyage.

• Spanish created the Casta system, as a hierarchy based on race and social status.

• Europeans were able to adopt native American farming techniques, and Native Americans were able to adopt European weaponry.

• Maroon communities were gatherings of escaped slaves, who intermarried with indigenous people, and created their own communities.

• Spanish Mission Systems were developed, in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity. These were meant to be civil efforts, but they often turned violent.

• Acoma War was a conflict between Spanish conquistadores and natives. 800 people died. (Defeat of the Pueblo).

Period 2:

The Different Colonial Powers

• Spanish Colonization: 

  • Viceroy System: institution put into place by the spanish crown to appoint royal governors in the New World. 

  • Encomienda System: Forced Native Americans to work in mines and plantations, this gave way to African slavery. 

  • Spanish Mission Systems: Very abundant in California, used forceful conversion to bring people towards Spanish Christianity. 

• French and Dutch Colonization: 

  • French and Dutch main goal in colonization was economics. 

  • French were here for fur trade, the Dutch were expert traders. They were led by Henry Hudson, one of the first Dutch explorers. 

  • The Dutch bought Manhattan for $24, and became the leaders of the slave trade. They also allied very closely with the Iroquois people. 

  • The French allied closely with several native tribes, specifically the Hurons.

• British Colonization: 

  • Chesapeake region was built of Maryland and Virginia, there was an abundance of land for early settlers of this region and the North Carolina region, due to the Native American wipeout by disease. 

  • Maryland became safehaven for catholics to freely worship, Lord Baltimore was granted this land by the English monarchy, and established the safehaven. 

  • Indentured servants were sentenced to intensly cultivate the tobacco in these regions, they began to rebel against their conditions.

  • Bacon’s Rebellion occurred when Nathaniel Bacon and other poor Virginians were upset with Native American movement further inland, and conflict betwene natives and whites was outlawed. Whites waged violent conflict to push inland to protect from natives. This showed that indentured servants were not an ideal source of labor, and this is when there was a switch to native American slavery. 

Jamestown and Early Colonization (1607)

• Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement, established in 1607. Soldiers of fortune were led by John Smith in their efforts to find gold, and while they did not find gold they found tobacco. 

• Settlers faced very early conflict with the natives, and this led to the Powhatan War. 

• The Headright system encouraged more English settlement in Jamestown, as it offered English settlers 50 acres of land as a legal grant. 

• Plymouth was in Massachutess, the pilgrims were led by William Bradford in their journey to Plymouth plantation. Pilgrims were seperatists, looking to separate from the church of England. 

• Theocracy stated that religious rules woudl govern the colony, and pilgrims and puritans heavily enforced this. 

• Squanto Native Americans taught pilgrims how to plant corn. 

Conflict Between European Powers and Native Americans

• Triangular Trade occurred, as the Americas provided raw materials to Europe. Europe turned these raw materials into manufactured goods, and sold them back to America. The bottom part of this “triangle” was completed by slaves from Africa. 

• Spanish attempted to use Indian slaves, while British used indentured servants. Both of these systems ultimately opened the door to African slavery. 

• New England Puritans established praying towns (1651-1675) this was in efforts to fully convert Indians towards Christianity. 

• French joined the fur trade, heavily relied on American Indians to provide them with goods. 

• Catawba Nation was a joining of Indians, wiped out completely as a result of the exchange of goods. 

• Huron Confederacy was established, closely allied with the French as a result of the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois (rivaling the Hurons) ultimately destroyed the confederacy. 

• -**Main rivalry: British Vs. French 

• Covenant chain was established, led to strong alliance between British and Iroquois.

• Chickasaw Wars happened between 1721-1763 near the southern Mississippi River, it was between the British and French. The Chickasaw people allied with the British to maintain their ground, they won and the French gave up their claim to the New World. This ultimately led to the French-Indian War. 

• Beaver Wars 1629 - 1701 happened in the Great Lakes region, as an attempt by the Iroquois to take control of the fur trade. They were supported by the English and Dutch. This was a fight against the Hurons and Algonquians. The British and Iroquois won, led to disperse of the Huron confederacy, and a shake up amongst Algonquians. 

• Conflict and cooperation betwee colonists and the mother country begins to emerge, especially as the triangular trade emphasized ideas of mercantilism.

• Wool Act (1699) stated that all wool produced by the colonies must be sold to British markets. The Molasses Act (1733) posed tax on molasses imported from non-British colonies. This led to lots of smuggling, as colonists could get goods much cheaper elsewhere. 

• Pequot War (1636-1638) occured soon after Purians settled in New England, as the Pequot tribe closely allied with the Dutch was accused of killing an English trader. The Puritans wipedout the Pequot people. 

• Powhatan War (1622) occured between people of Virginia and Powhatan Indians, and the Powhatans ended up being taken out. Lots of disease spread in war. 

• Metacom’s War (1675-1678) Occured as disease influxed and praying towns were being established, Native Americans continued to resist conversion. Massachusetts and Rhode Island land were destroyed, with wampanoag Indians experiencing the most disaster. Metacom was killed, and this land was taken over. 

• Pueblo’s Revolt (1680) was led by pope, and the resistance forced Spanish to dissolve the Encomienda system, as it would not be effective they restored Kivas as a result, but solely for the worship of Christianity. 

The Enlightenment Era (1720s-1740s)

• Enlightenment ideas brought over from Europe, focused on ration, reason, and logic. Pieces written such as Treatise on Government by John Locke, heavily emphasizing the ideal of natural rights (life, liberty, property). Ben Franklin was also at the core of the Enlightenment, writing “Poor Richard’s Almanac”, sharing wisdom and knowledge gained through enlightened thinking. 

• 1st Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) Serving as a religious revival in America, as the Enlightenment de-emphasized religion. This was attemoted through protestant evangilism, preaching witha heavy focus on spreading religion and faith. 

• Johnathan Edwards was a Puritan preacher who wrote “Sinners in the Hands of Angry Gods”, scaring people into refocusing on living a life according to God. George Whitefield had similar goals as a traveling preacher, focusing also on the connection between people and God. 

• Old lights during the time were older, and more established, suspicious of the revivals, seeing them as a threat to authority like the king. New lights were revivalists focused on reconnecting with God. 

• Began to develop through ideals of Anglicization, following an English identity but through individual autonomous political communities with ideas based on English models. 

• Trans-atlantic print culture was thriving, causing many to read ideas from Locke and adopt similar ideas. Colonists even adopted elements of the English legal system, creating an American legal system. 

• Salutary Neglect was the idea that even though the English enforced mercantilism, Americans still created their own trading system and worked out a government structure, separate from British intervention. This led to republicanism, the ideal that people have unalienable rights, and can select individuals.

• Colonies sought further structure amongst themselves, creating colonial assemblies with colonial elites representing them. The Albany Plan of Union eventually emerged (1754), on the eve of the French Indian War, it was a gathering of colonies attempting to unite under shared interests. 

• Navigation Acts (1651) were enforced, stating that goods are required to travel on ships owned by the English. 

• Dominion of New England (1686 - 1689) was an attempt by King James (II) to condense New England under a monarchal structure, ultimately dispersed. 

• The First Great Awakening brought upon ideals of rejecting the king appointed by God, which ultimately sparked the American Revolution.