Untitled Flashcards Set

### Joseph Pulitzer/William Randolph Hearst

Definition: Influential newspaper publishers in the late 19th century who were known for sensationalist journalism and the practice of yellow journalism.

Significance/Impact: Their competition over readership helped to spark public interest in the Spanish-American War, influencing public opinion and U.S. foreign policy.

### Josiah Strong

Definition: A Protestant clergyman and writer who advocated for American expansionism and the spread of Christianity.

Significance/Impact: Strong's ideas contributed to the justification for American imperialism under the guise of a civilizing mission.

### Henry Cabot Lodge

Definition: A Republican senator from Massachusetts and a leading advocate for American expansion and imperialism.

Significance/Impact: Lodge played a crucial role in promoting the annexation of Hawaii and the construction of a strong navy.

### Alfred T. Mahan

Definition: A naval officer and historian whose works emphasized the importance of naval power in international politics.

Significance/Impact: Mahan's theories on the necessity of sea power influenced U.S. military policy and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

### James Blaine - “Big Sister” policy

Definition: A foreign policy promoted by Secretary of State James Blaine aimed at strengthening U.S. relations with Latin America.

Significance/Impact: The policy set the stage for increased U.S. influence in Latin America and emphasized Pan-Americanism.

### Pan-American Conference

Definition: A series of diplomatic meetings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries aimed at promoting cooperation among American nations.

Significance/Impact: These conferences fostered a sense of unity among the Americas and expanded U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.

### Causes for Spanish-American War

Definition: Factors leading to the conflict, including Cuban Independence movement, yellow journalism, and the explosion of the USS Maine.

Significance/Impact: These causes reflected the imperialist sentiments in the U.S. and led to a swift military victory that established the U.S. as a global power.

### Impact of Spanish-American War

Definition: The war resulted in the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Significance/Impact: It marked the beginning of the U.S. as a colonial power and raised questions about imperialism and American identity.

### Teller Amendment

Definition: A resolution passed by Congress in 1898 stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba.

Significance/Impact: It assured the public that the war was fought for Cuban independence, but later led to conflicts over U.S. control in the Caribbean.

### Annexation of Hawaii

Definition: The process in which the U.S. overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and annexed Hawaii in 1898.

Significance/Impact: It expanded U.S. territory in the Pacific and served as a strategic military base.

### Anti-Imperialist League

Definition: An organization founded in 1898 opposed to U.S. expansion and imperialism.

Significance/Impact: They argued that imperialism violated American principles of self-determination and democracy.

### Supreme Court Insular Cases

Definition: A series of Supreme Court rulings in the early 1900s that determined the status of territories acquired by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War.

Significance/Impact: The decisions upheld the government's power to govern territories without extending full constitutional rights to their inhabitants.

### Platt Amendment

Definition: An 1901 amendment to the Cuban Constitution allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and establishing a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Significance/Impact: It effectively made Cuba a U.S. protectorate, limiting their sovereignty.

### Secretary John Hay - Open Door policy

Definition: A diplomatic policy proposed by Hay in 1899 that aimed to ensure equal trading rights in China for all foreign nations.

Significance/Impact: It reflected U.S. interests in global trade and aimed to prevent monopolistic control by other powers in China.

### Boxer Rebellion

Definition: An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China (1899-1901) that targeted foreign nationals and Chinese Christians.

Significance/Impact: The U.S. intervention helped to suppress the rebellion and further solidified its influence in Asia.

### TR - “Big Stick” policy and examples

Definition: A diplomatic approach by Theodore Roosevelt emphasizing negotiation backed by the threat of military force.

Significance/Impact: This policy was evident in the U.S. involvement in Latin America and the construction of the Panama Canal.

### Panama Canal - Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, construction process

Definition: Treaties allowing the U.S. to build and control the Panama Canal.

Significance/Impact: The canal significantly reduced shipping times between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enhancing U.S. trade and military presence.

### Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - policy and examples

Definition: An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain order and protect American interests.

Significance/Impact: It justified U.S. intervention in several Caribbean and Central American countries.

### “Great White Fleet” - global voyage

Definition: A naval fleet sent by Roosevelt on a world tour from 1907 to 1909 to showcase American naval power.

Significance/Impact: The voyage demonstrated U.S. military strength and aimed to intimidate rivals, particularly Japan.

### Gentlemen’s Agreement - 1907-08

Definition: An informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit Japanese immigration.

Significance/Impact: It marked a significant moment in U.S.-Japan relations and highlighted racial tensions in American immigration policy.

### Root-Takahira agreement

Definition: An agreement between the U.S. and Japan in 1908 that recognized each country's Pacific possessions and affirmed the Open Door Policy in China.

Significance/Impact: It eased tensions between the two nations and aimed to maintain peace in the Pacific.

### Progressivism roots

Definition: A broad social and political movement in the early 20th century aimed at addressing social issues arising from industrialization.

Significance/Impact: It sought to improve conditions for workers, women, and urban dwellers and influenced subsequent reforms.

### Social Gospel

Definition: A religious movement advocating for social justice and reform, emphasizing the application of Christian ethics to social issues.

Significance/Impact: This movement inspired many Progressives to address issues like poverty, education, and labor rights.

### Muckrakers and magazines

Definition: Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses in society through investigative reporting.

Significance/Impact: Their work raised public awareness and led to reforms in various areas, including labor and consumer protection.

### Lincoln Steffens

Definition: A muckraking journalist known for his writings on urban corruption.

Significance/Impact: His book "The Shame of the Cities" revealed corruption in city governments and spurred demands for reform.

### Ida Tarbell

Definition: A muckraker known for her investigative work on the Standard Oil Company.

Significance/Impact: Her writings contributed to public outrage against monopolies and led to increased calls for regulation and antitrust laws.

### Jacob Riis

Definition: A journalist and photographer who documented the conditions of the urban poor in New York City.

Significance/Impact: His book "How the Other Half Lives" highlighted poverty and pushed for housing reforms.

### David Phillips

Definition: A muckraking journalist whose work revealed corruption in the U.S. Senate.

Significance/Impact: His series "The Treason of the Senate" stirred public demand for political reform and contributed to the push for direct elections of Senators.

### Initiative, recall, referendum

Definition: Progressive reforms that allowed voters to propose legislation (initiative), remove elected officials (recall), and vote directly on laws (referendum).

Significance/Impact: These mechanisms increased direct democracy and strengthened voter power in government decision-making.

### Australian ballot

Definition: A method of voting that allows voters to cast their ballots in privacy.

Significance/Impact: It reduced voter fraud and intimidation, contributing to fairer elections.

### Progressive reforms in urban centers - city-manager system, commissioners

Definition: New forms of government aimed at reducing corruption and increasing efficiency in city management.

Significance/Impact: These reforms helped address urban challenges through professional management and accountability.

### Jane Addams - Hull House

Definition: A social settlement founded by Addams in Chicago aimed at providing services to immigrants and the poor.

Significance/Impact: Hull House became a model for social work and activism, addressing issues like education and labor rights.

### Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

Definition: A tragic fire in 1911 that killed 146 workers due to poor safety standards and locked exits.

Significance/Impact: It led to significant labor reforms and improved workplace safety regulations.

### Women’s suffrage - 19th Amendment (1920)

Definition: The constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote.

Significance/Impact: It marked a significant victory for the women's rights movement and expanded democratic participation in the U.S.

### Muller v. Oregon

Definition: A landmark Supreme Court case upholding state restrictions on working hours for women based on their health and societal interests.

Significance/Impact: This case set a precedent for labor laws and reflected Changing views on gender and labor rights.

### Lochner v. New York

Definition: A Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting bakers’ working hours, citing the right to contract.

Significance/Impact: It represented a period where the Court prioritized economic freedoms over social welfare laws, ultimately spurring further labor reform efforts.

### Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Definition: A women’s organization founded in the late 19th century advocating for temperance and later, women's suffrage.

Significance/Impact: Their efforts significantly contributed to the Prohibition movement and social reform initiatives.

### TR - Square Deal - focus and policy examples

Definition: Roosevelt’s domestic program focusing on consumer protection, labor rights, and fair business practices.

Significance/Impact: It addressed issues such as trust-busting, conservation, and workers’ rights, showcasing the federal government's role in regulating the economy.

### Sierra Club

Definition: An environmental organization founded in 1892 dedicated to conservation and wilderness preservation.

Significance/Impact: It played a significant role in the environmental movement and the establishment of national parks.

### Taft as a progressive

Definition: President Taft continued some of Roosevelt's progressive policies but faced criticism for being more conservative.

Significance/Impact: His administration led to significant antitrust actions, though it also sparked a split in the Republican Party.

### “Dollar” diplomacy

Definition: Taft’s foreign policy that encouraged American investment in foreign countries as a means of extending U.S. influence.

Significance/Impact: It aimed to secure economic stability in Latin America and the Caribbean but often led to military interventions.

### Election of 1912 - Wilson - “New Freedom”, TR - “New Nationalism”

Definition: The 1912 presidential election featured progressive platforms by Wilson and Roosevelt, addressing economic and social reforms.

Significance/Impact: Wilson's victory led to significant legislation in economic and social policy, including the Federal Reserve System.

### Wilson - “Triple Wall of Privilege” - focus and policy examples

Definition: Wilson's policy agenda aimed at attacking trusts, tariffs, and high finance to promote economic fairness.

Significance/Impact: His administration implemented reforms like the Federal Trade Commission and the Underwood Tariff.

### Jones Act 1916

Definition: A law granting the Philippines greater autonomy and a future path to independence.

Significance/Impact: It demonstrated a shift in the U.S. approach to its territories and acknowledged their aspirations for self-governance.

### “Moral” diplomacy

Definition: Wilson's foreign policy emphasizing human rights and democracy as guiding principles of U.S. relations with other nations.

Significance/Impact: It aimed to promote peace and democracy, although it often conflicted with economic and strategic interests.

### Tampico Incident and U.S. tensions with Mexico (1914-1917)

Definition: A minor incident involving the U.S. and Mexico that escalated tensions and led to military intervention.

Significance/Impact: It reflected the unstable relations between the U.S. and Mexico and foreshadowed U.S. involvement in World War I.

### Causes for U.S. entry into WWI

Definition: Factors like unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmermann Telegram, and economic ties to Allies led to U.S. involvement.

Significance/Impact: The entry of the U.S. played a crucial role in shifting the balance of power in favor of the Allies.

### WWI impact on the U.S. homefront

Definition: The war effort required increased industrial production and mobilization, leading to social changes and economic growth.

Significance/Impact: It fostered a sense of national unity and resulted in shifts in labor, women’s roles, and civil rights issues.

### Wilson’s “14 Points”

Definition: A statement of principles for peace proposed by President Wilson in 1918 to end World War I and prevent future conflicts.

Significance/Impact: The points established a framework for international relations that later influenced the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

### League of Nations

Definition: An international organization founded after World War I aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among countries.

Significance/Impact: Although Wilson championed it, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, leading to the League’s weakened effectiveness.

### Reasons for U.S. failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles

Definition: Concerns over the League of Nations' ability to entangle the U.S. in foreign conflicts and debates over national sovereignty.

Significance/Impact: The failure to ratify had long-lasting effects on international diplomacy and U.S. foreign policy in the ensuing years.

Spanish-American War

Definition:

The Spanish-American War (1898) was a conflict between the United States and Spain, primarily driven by the desire for Cuban independence from Spanish rule and fueled by American economic interests and humanitarian concerns.

Impact:

- Resulted in a quick and decisive victory for the U.S., showcasing its military strength.

- Led to the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, expanding U.S. territories.

- Facilitated the annexation of Hawaii, establishing a strategic military and naval presence in the Pacific.

- Established the U.S. as a significant global power and set the stage for future interventions in Latin America and Asia.

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Geographic Location

Definition:

The geographic context of the Spanish-American War includes the Caribbean and the Pacific, particularly focusing on Cuba and its proximity to the United States, as well as territories acquired from Spain.

Impact:

- Increased U.S. influence in the Caribbean and Pacific regions.

- Set the foundation for future U.S. foreign interventions and policies in neighboring countries.

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Cuban Uprising – Spanish Response

Definition:

The Cuban Uprising refers to the revolt against Spanish rule by the Cuban people in the late 19th century, which prompted a harsh response from Spain, characterized by brutal tactics such as reconcentration camps.

Impact:

- Drawn international attention and sympathy for the Cuban cause, leading to increased U.S. involvement.

- Highlighted the inhumane conditions of Spanish colonial rule, influencing public opinion in the U.S.

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Senator Proctor

Definition:

Senator Redfield Proctor was a Vermont senator who, during a visit to Cuba in 1898, delivered a critical speech exposing the atrocities committed by Spain against Cuban civilians.

Impact:

- His speech helped rally public and political support for U.S. intervention in Cuba.

- Contributed to the growing sentiment against Spanish rule and fueled the movement for war.

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Spanish Atrocities

Definition:

Spanish atrocities refer to the brutal tactics employed by Spanish forces during the Cuban War for Independence, including the establishment of reconcentration camps and the repression of the Cuban populace.

Impact:

- Provoked outrage in the United States and fostered a strong anti-Spanish sentiment.

- Served as a catalyst for American intervention, both politically and militarily.

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Yellow Journalism

Definition:

Yellow journalism describes sensationalized news reporting that exaggerated events to attract readers, particularly during the Spanish-American War, significantly influencing public opinion.

Impact:

- Helped to escalate American support for war, framing the conflict as a moral imperative.

- Played a crucial role in shaping perceptions of Spanish cruelty and the plight of Cubans.

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McKinley’s War Message

Definition:

President William McKinley’s war message called for intervention in Cuba, demanding an end to Spanish barbarities and emphasizing the need to protect U.S. lives, property, and trade.

Impact:

- Provided a formal justification for U.S. military action against Spain.

- Solidified public support for war and marked a shift in U.S. foreign policy toward imperialism.

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“Splendid Little War”

Definition:

The phrase “Splendid Little War” refers to the Spanish-American War, coined by Secretary of State John Hay, highlighting the war's brevity and decisive nature.

Impact:

- Reflected the perception of the war as an easy victory with minimal American losses.

- Contributed to a sense of national pride and support for future military endeavors.

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Quick Decisive Victory

Definition:

A reference to the swift military success of the United States over Spain in the Spanish-American War, achieved within a few months.

Impact:

- Demonstrated the effectiveness of U.S. military strategy and technology.

- Enhanced the United States’ reputation as a formidable world power.

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U.S. Gains Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines

Definition:

The territorial gains made by the United States following the victory in the Spanish-American War, solidifying American colonial presence in the Caribbean and Pacific.

Impact:

- Expanded U.S. influence and control in two critical regions.

- Established the U.S. as a colonial power, leading to various diplomatic and military engagements.

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Annexation of Hawaii

Definition:

The annexation of Hawaii in 1898 was a political move that incorporated Hawaii into the United States, partially spurred by the strategic considerations during the Spanish-American War.

Impact:

- Provided the U.S. with a vital naval base at Pearl Harbor, enhancing military operations in the Pacific.

- Marked a significant step in the U.S. expansionist policies and imperial ambitions.

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### Causes for the Rise of U.S. Imperialism (1880s-1918)

- Economic Expansion:

- Albert Beveridge: Highlighted the need for new markets due to overproduction, as there were more goods produced than could be consumed.

- Panic of 1893:

- Caused corporate bankruptcies and bank failures, leading to widespread layoffs.

- Resulted in rising inventories of consumer products and agricultural surpluses, pushing the government to find new markets abroad for both industrial goods and surplus agricultural produce.

- Nationalism:

- Increasing belief in American exceptionalism contributed to the desire for expansion and territorial influence.

- The Frontier Thesis:

- Frederick Jackson Turner: Argued that the quest for new frontiers had historically characterized American identity, underscoring the nation’s continuous drive for expansion.

- Cultural Justifications:

- Rudyard Kipling: Promoted the concept of the “White Man’s burden,” suggesting it was the duty of Western nations to civilize others.

- Josiah Strong: Advocated for Christian missionary zeal among British and American Protestants, viewing expansion as a moral responsibility.

- Strategic Considerations:

- Alfred T. Mahan: Emphasized that naval power was crucial for controlling distant territories and asserted that America’s future depended on looking outward for resources and markets.

- Social Theories:

- Brooks Adams: Suggested that civilizations are in a zero-sum game, where failure to expand could lead to decline.

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### Flashcards for WWI: Making Peace

Flashcard 1

Q: What did Wilson want for peace after WWI?

A: Peace without victory, reduction of historical tensions, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

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Flashcard 2

Q: What were the main goals of the Allies (France, England, Italy) at the peace negotiations?

A: Punishment, disarmament, seizure of colonies, reparations, a war guilt clause, loss of territory, and occupation of the Rhineland.

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Flashcard 3

Q: What compromise did Wilson make regarding the Treaty of Versailles?

A: He gave up "Peace without victory" and agreed to the Allies' demands for punishment, compensation, and retribution in exchange for their support of the League of Nations.

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Flashcard 4

Q: What did Wilson's ideal League of Nations look like?

A: He wanted the League to be accepted "as is," without changes.

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Flashcard 5

Q: How did the Senate react to the Treaty of Versailles?

A: The Senate split into three groups: supporters (As is), Reservationists (With reservations), and Irreconcilables (opposed to the treaty).

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Flashcard 6

Q: What were the main objections raised by the Reservationists and Irreconcilables regarding the League of Nations?

A: Article X threatened U.S. sovereignty, the Monroe Doctrine, legislative powers to declare war, and U.S. traditions of neutrality and isolationism.

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Flashcard 7

Q: What was required for the Senate to approve treaties?

A: A two-thirds vote.

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Flashcard 8

Q: What was the outcome of the Senate's vote on the Treaty of Versailles?

A: The treaty was defeated without reservations and also with reservations due to the coalition between Reservationists and Irreconcilables.

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Flashcard 9

Q: When did the U.S. make peace with Germany?

A: The U.S. did not sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations and made peace with Germany in 1921.

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### APUSH Flashcards: WWI: Making Peace

Flashcard 1

Q: Definition of "Peace without victory."

A: A philosophy proposed by President Wilson advocating for a peace settlement that avoids punishing the defeated nations to prevent future conflict.

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Flashcard 2

Q: What were the Allies' main goals at the peace negotiations?

A: The Allies sought punishment for the Central Powers, including reparations, disarmament, loss of territory, and occupation of regions.

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Flashcard 3

Q: What compromise did Wilson agree to for the Treaty of Versailles?

A: Wilson conceded to the Allies' demands for punishment and retribution to gain their support for the League of Nations.

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Flashcard 4

Q: What was Wilson's vision for the League of Nations?

A: Wilson envisioned the League as an international organization established "as is" to facilitate diplomacy and prevent future wars.

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Flashcard 5

Q: What are the three groups the Senate divided into regarding the Treaty of Versailles?

A: The Senate divided into supporters (As is), Reservationists (with reservations), and Irreconcilables (opposed to the treaty).

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Flashcard 6

Q: What were the main objections of the Reservationists and Irreconcilables?

A: They objected to Article X as it threatened U.S. sovereignty, undermined the Monroe Doctrine, diminished Congress’s power to declare war, and conflicted with U.S. isolationist traditions.

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Flashcard 7

Q: What is required for the Senate to approve treaties?

A: A two-thirds majority vote is required for treaty approval in the Senate.

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Flashcard 8

Q: What was the outcome of the Senate's vote on the Treaty of Versailles?

A: The Senate defeated the treaty both with and without reservations, preventing its ratification.

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Flashcard 9

Q: When did the U.S. finally make peace with Germany?

A: The U.S. made peace with Germany in 1921, having never signed the Treaty of Versailles or joined the League of Nations.