QDE-PPT
Page 1: Questioned Document and Examination
Overview of the topic related to questioned documents and the examination process.
Page 2: Chapter 1 Understanding of Questioned Document
Introduction to the concept of questioned documents and their significance in forensic examination.
Page 3: What is Document?
Definition: A document is any material that contains marks, signs, or symbols which convey a message.
Visibility: Documents can be visible, partially visible, or invisible.
Page 4: A Document Becomes a Questioned Document
Criteria: A document is questioned concerning its originality, authenticity, authorship, source, and genuineness.
Scrutiny: Placed under scrutiny to determine disputable elements.
Page 5: What is a Questioned Document?
Definition: A questioned document pertains to any document under scrutiny regarding authenticity, identity, and origin.
Components: It can encompass whole documents or parts thereof.
Page 6: Terms to Remember
Disputed Document: Indicates controversy involving disagreements over the document.
Standard Document: A set of authentic specimens reflecting a known source.
Page 7: Additional Terms
Exemplar: Known material referred to by document examiners.
Holographic Document: A document entirely written and signed by one person without witnesses.
Reference Collection: Organized materials compiled to assist document examiners.
Page 8: Characteristics of Questioned Documents
Examples: Includes signatures, handwriting, typewriting, checks, licenses, contracts, etc., whose authenticity is dubious.
Page 9: The Term "Document"
Variations: Includes deeds, agreements, letters, and other written instruments for proving facts.
Etymology: "Documentum" (Latin) meaning lesson/example; "Docere" (French) meaning to teach.
Page 10: What is a Questioned Document Examination?
Definition: A profession established around 1870, often related to forgery, counterfeiting, and white collar crimes.
Page 11: Examination Classes
Categories: Two primary classes: 1. Criminalistic Examination 2. Handwriting Identification.
Page 12: Criminalistic Examination
Purpose: Detects forgeries or alterations.
Methodology: Utilizes various tools and is a scientific procedure.
Page 13: Handwriting Identification
Objective: To determine handwriting authorship.
Challenges: It’s complex; handwriting varies by individuals and conditions.
Page 14: Processes in Scientific Examination
Three Major Processes: 1. Analysis 2. Comparison 3. Evaluation.
Page 15: Analysis Process
First Step: Analyze known writing samples for distinctive characteristics (letters, word spacing, size, slant).
Page 16: Key Points in Traits
Observations include: Up, Down, Straight, Slant, Closed, Large, Normal spacing, and unique characteristics of letters.
Page 17: Comparison Process
Methodology: Compare unknown items' characteristics with known items to identify differences/similarities.
Page 18: Example Analysis
Sample comparison of unknown vs known documents highlighting differences in strokes and letters.
Page 19: Evaluation Process
Final Step: Assess similarities/dissimilarities between known and unknown samples, considering the totality of documents.
Page 20: Examination Cases
Overview of identified documents and specific differences in handwriting among signatures highlighted.
Page 21: History of Documents
Background: Early writings, developments from stones and metals to paper invented by the Chinese.
Page 22: Personalities in Document Examination
Albert Sherman Osborn: Father of Scientific Document Examination, advocacy for acceptance of document examination in courts.
Page 23: Contributions of Albert D. Osborn
Noted for co-authoring significant documents and serving as President of ASQDE.
Page 24: Kinds of Documents
Public Documents: Notarized by an official.
Official Documents: Issued by governmental authority.
Page 25: Additional Document Types
Private Documents: Created without official validation.
Commercial Documents: Related to business transactions.
Page 26: Electronic Documents
Definition: Exist solely in digital form; includes archived data and backups.
Page 27: Types of Questioned Documents
Various types categorized based on signature authenticity, material, date, and typewriting.
Page 28: Terms to Remember
Definitions include terms related to documents like Addition, Conclusion, Erasure, and Examination.
Page 29: More Document Terminologies
Further definitions discussing Insertion, Non-Identification, Obliteration, Opinion, and Qualification of Document Examiners.
Page 30: Aspects of Document Examination
Areas of focus include handwriting, typewriting, inks, alterations, and document authenticity features.
Page 31: Handwriting Examination
Categories include examining signatures, anonymous letters, and hand printing.
Page 32: Further Examination Aspects
Examination of alterations, counterfeit currency, determining document age, and stamps.
Page 33: Relationship Between Fields
Overview of interconnected professions such as document examiners, fraud investigators, and paper specialists.
Page 34: Document Examining Specialists
Roles of various experts in examining documents and identifying their characteristics.
Page 35: Criteria for Scientific Examination
Accuracy and Precision: Essential for consistent and truthful results.
Page 36: Importance of Preliminary Examination
Highlights the three keys: Ensuring preparedness, avoiding delays, and ensuring case success.
Page 37: Lesson 2.1 - Instruments for Examination
Introduction to tools such as Magnifying Lenses, Macro Lens Cameras, and Comparison Microscopes.
Page 38: Types of Examination Instruments
Details how different equipment aids in document examination.
Page 39: Advanced Examination Tools
Overview of tools like Digital Shadowgraph, Stereoscopic Microscopes, and Ultra Violet Lamps for detection.
Page 40: Indented Writing Detection
Explanation: Devices like Electrostatic Detection Apparatus record indentations on documents.
Page 41: Lesson 3 - Handwriting Identification
Introduction to principles guiding handwriting identification examination methods.
Page 42: Principles of Identification
Lists the fundamental principles including uniqueness, physical conditions affecting writing, and handwriting habits.
Page 43: Handwriting Variants
Describes various kinds of writing such as cursive, script, and block writing.
Page 44: Basis for Handwriting Identification
Analyses writers' habits, environmental influences on muscular habits.
Page 45: Physiological Basis of Handwriting
Discusses how muscle groups influence handwriting and the nervous control of writing movements.
Page 46: Distinctive Handwriting Characteristics
Details various aspects of handwriting characteristics that identify writers.
Page 47: Handwriting Characteristics Overview
Factors like pressure, speed, and specific features unique to an individual's writing.
Page 48: Writing Instrument Characteristics
Overview of various instruments used in writing, their attributes, and impact on writing style.
Page 49: Historical Background of Writing Instruments
Chronological evolution from reed pens to modern writing instruments.
Page 50: Development of Fountain Pens
Key milestones in the development and popularization of fountain pens and ballpoint pens.
Page 51: Ink Composition and Characteristics
Discusses various types of inks and their unique properties, suitable uses in writing.
Page 52: Typewriting Identification Fundamentals
Definition and distinction of typewriters and their integral role in document examination.
Page 53: Typewriter Defects
Classification of technical defects that can aid in identifying typewritten documents.
Page 54: Evolution of Typewriters
Trace the technological advancements in typewriter designs and innovations throughout history.
Page 55: Typewriting Examination Principles
Principles laid down by early examiners on identifying typewriting without ambiguity.
Page 56: Notable Examinations and Contributions
Mention pioneering contributions by early document examiners impacting current practices.
Page 57: Thank You for Listening
Concludes the discussion on questioned documents and examination.