Flashcard 1:

• Q: What is a simple verse?

• A: A form where the same music is used for each verse.

Flashcard 2:

• Q: What is a simple verse-chorus?

• A: A form with repeating verses and a chorus that shares the same music.

Flashcard 3:

• Q: What is a contrasting verse-chorus?

• A: A form where the verses and chorus have different music.

Flashcard 4:

• Q: What is an AABA form?

• A: A song form with two A sections, followed by a B section, and returning to the A section.

Flashcard 5:

• Q: What is an interlude in music?

• A: A short musical passage between sections of a song.

Flashcard 6:

• Q: What is a bridge in a song?

• A: A contrasting section that provides a break from the repetitive nature of verses and choruses.

Flashcard 7:

• Q: How can you identify the 12-bar blues form?

• A: By its repeating 12-bar chord progression, typically using I, IV, and V chords.

Flashcard 8:

• Q: What is a riff?

• A: A repeated musical phrase or pattern used in songs.

Flashcard 9:

• Q: What is the doo-wop progression?

• A: A chord pattern that typically follows I-vi-IV-V.

Flashcard 10:

• Q: What is a coda in music?

• A: The concluding section of a piece of music.

Flashcard 11:

• Q: What are the three things that combine to make an APM trend (genre)?

• A: Community, artists, and music business (market).

Flashcard 12:

• Q: Name two influences on American Popular Music.

• A: Promotion and economic flow.

Flashcard 13:

• Q: Define rock and roll as an idea.

• A: It represents going against societal norms.

Flashcard 14:

• Q: Give two examples of rock and roll movements.

• A: Jim Morrison's drinking and drug use; Madonna's provocative performances.

Flashcard 15:

• Q: How does the popularity arc work?

• A: Music starts in a local place, gains popularity in a small subculture, and then business promotes it to mainstream audiences.

Flashcard 16:

• Q: Define two musical characteristics of the Jazz Age.

• A: It was characterized by upbeat, strong rhythms and a focus on dancing.

Flashcard 17:

• Q: What were the main components of FDR’s New Deal?

• A: Social Security Act, Works Progress Administration, and Emergency Banking Act.

Flashcard 18:

• Q: How did the New Deal affect artist performance styles?

• A: It led to more inappropriate and provocative performances.

Flashcard 19:

• Q: Before TV and radio were available to ordinary people, how did music spread?

• A: Through sheet music and oral tradition (singing songs).

Flashcard 20:

• Q: How was APM identified by producers?

• A: By its potential for profits.

Flashcard 21:

• Q: Who was the main target audience of APM radio studios?

• A: Middle-class white audiences who could afford radios.

Flashcard 22:

• Q: What was the most popular thing over radio?

• A: Soap operas (melodramas).

Flashcard 23:

• Q: Who came up with the idea to put a picture with sound?

• A: David Sarnoff.

Flashcard 24:

• Q: After TV became available to ordinary people, what did it mean for radio, and what was the solution for radio stations?

• A: Radio stations began streaming R&B and country/western music to compensate for the loss of audiences to TV.

Flashcard 25:

• Q: What is Tin Pan Alley?

• A: A small community/area in New York where publishers and songwriters gathered to collaborate, which became a business model for other companies.

Flashcard 26:

• Q: Name some artists associated with Tin Pan Alley.

• A: Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, George Gershwin, Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley.

Flashcard 27:

• Q: What song form did Tin Pan Alley introduce?

• A: AABA.

Flashcard 28:

• Q: How did songwriters make a living in Tin Pan Alley?

• A: Through royalties – a percentage of earnings from performances, broadcasts, and recordings.

Flashcard 29:

• Q: Name two big band artists.

• A: Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman.

Flashcard 30:

• Q: What are the differences between orchestra and big band elements?

• A: Orchestra uses strings and is led by a conductor, while big bands use brass/woodwind and are led by an instrumentalist (usually trumpet or trombone).

Flashcard 31:

• Q: What types of chords are used in jazz?

• A: 9th, 11th, and 13th chords.

Flashcard 32:

• Q: What did Frank Sinatra say about instrumentalists, and how did he influence the music business?

• A: He said, "Screw those instrument guys," influencing the industry by reducing the need for large bands and thus lowering costs.

Flashcard 33:

• Q: Why did people recognize APM and dislike it?

• A: It was considered cheesy because it had to be family-friendly and appeal to a wide range of audiences, targeting the white middle class.

Flashcard 34:

• Q: Who was the main target audience for country/western music?

• A: Low-income white audiences who couldn’t afford TV.

Flashcard 35:

• Q: Where did country music originate?

• A: The Appalachian region.

Flashcard 36:

• Q: Where did western music originate?

• A: The southern and midwestern United States, particularly Texas.

Flashcard 37:

• Q: What are two elements that country/western music achieved?

• A: Simplicity and honesty.

Flashcard 38:

• Q: Who was an American scout for country music artists?

• A: Ralph Peer.

Flashcard 39:

• Q: What were two methods used to make western music popular?

• A: Sharing by military during WWII (trading LPs) and radio compensating for market loss.

Flashcard 40:

• Q: What are the musical characteristics of cowboy subgenres?

• A: Emotional, depressing, and simple style.

Flashcard 41:

• Q: What are the musical characteristics of western swing?

• A: Danceable, hybrid style incorporating elements of big band, polka, bluegrass, and jazz.

Flashcard 42:

• Q: What are the musical characteristics of bluegrass?

• A: Instruments take turns having riffs/solos, showing off instrumental abilities, typically using mandolin, banjo, fiddle, and guitar.

Flashcard 43:

• Q: Who was the target audience for R&B music?

• A: Low-income African American audiences.

Flashcard 44:

• Q: How did R&B spread fame?

• A: Played on radio after country left, and people gathering in cities (Detroit, NY, Chicago) promoted it, along with indie recording companies.

Flashcard 45:

• Q: Name two indie recording companies that promoted R&B.

• A: Chess Records and Atlantic Records.

Flashcard 46:

• Q: What is meant by the centralization of pop music?

• A: Changing pop music lyrics to religious themes.

Flashcard 47:

• Q: What does sacrilegious music refer to?

• A: Switching from religious to non-religious themes, as done by Ray Charles.

Flashcard 48:

• Q: Compare studio techniques of Chess and Atlantic records.

• A: Chess used simple equipment and performance styles, while Atlantic used reverb and flashy performances for a more polished sound.

Flashcard 49:

• Q: What is Hokum Blues?

• A: A genre with suggestive and double entendre lyrics that survived by hiring white editors and performers to make it more appropriate.