INTRO TO PHARMA

Page 1: Title and Introduction

• SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY

• FIDES 1901

• MANILA

• INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY by Ram Jairus L. Lapira MD

Page 2: Outline Overview

• Introduction to Pharmacology

• History of Pharmacology

• MIMS and Drug Monographs

• Over the Counter Drugs

• Drug Evaluation and Regulation

• Legal and Ethical Foundations of Pharmacotherapy

Page 3: Definition of Pharmacology

• Pharmacology: The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes a- Specifically involves binding to regulatory molecules, influencing bodily processes.

Page 4: Medical Pharmacology

• Definition: The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.

Page 5: Toxicology

• A branch of pharmacology focused on the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems (from cells to ecosystems).

Page 6: Interaction Categories

• Pharmacokinetics

  • Absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs

• Pharmacodynamics

  • What the drug does to the body

• Factors include:

  • Chemical

  • Patient

  • Environment

  • Intended and unintended targets

  • Other organisms

  • Therapeutic and toxic effects

Page 7: Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

• Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug.

• ADME: Stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.

Page 8: Pharmacodynamics

• Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body.

• Involves the mechanism of action of drugs.

Page 9: Pharmacogenomics

• Study of genetic variations affecting drug responses among individuals or populations.

• Connects individual genetic makeup to their drug reactions, contributing to personalized medicine.

Page 10: Historical Context of Pharmacology

• Early recognition of beneficial or toxic effects of plant and animal materials.

• Late 17th century: Shift from theorizing to empirical observation in physiology and medicine.

• Development of species and their medicinal uses known as materia medica, precursor to pharmacology.

Page 11: Advances in Pharmacology History

• 18th and early 19th centuries: François Magendie and Claude Bernard established methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology.

• Introduction of rational therapeutics, and importance of controlled clinical trials for evaluating therapeutic claims.

Page 12: Definition of a Drug

• Any substance that alters biological function through chemical action.

• Drugs are classified into:

  • Agonists: Activators

  • Antagonists: Inhibitors

Page 13: Receptors

• Specific molecules that drugs interact with, regulating biological functions (example: Caffeine interacts with Adenosine).

Page 14: Poisons

• Drugs with primarily harmful effects.

• Toxins: Biologically-derived poisons from plants or animals.

• Contrast with inorganic poisons like lead or arsenic.

Page 15: General Principles About Toxicity

• 1. All substances can be toxic under certain conditions.

• 2. Chemicals in botanicals are similar to drugs but may have impurities.

• 3. All health-enhancing therapies should meet efficacy and safety standards similar to traditional drugs.

Page 16: Physical Nature of Drugs

• Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous forms of drugs have different routes of administration:

  • Oral (PO), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SQ), Inhalation.

Page 17: Drug Properties

• Most drugs are weak acids or bases; pH can affect drug ionization.

Page 18: Required Characteristics for Drug-Receptor Interaction

• Size, electrical charge, shape, and atomic composition.

Page 19: Drug Size

• Molecular sizes vary widely; most drugs have molecular weights between 100 and 1000.

• Larger drugs (like proteins) often require direct administration into the effect compartment.

Page 20: Drug Reactivity and Bonding

• Types of bonding:

  • Covalent Bonds: Irreversible.

  • Electrostatic Bonds: Includes ionic, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions (weaker).

  • Hydrophobic Interactions: Involve lipid-soluble drugs with cell membrane lipids.

Page 21: Relative Strength of Bond Types

• Van der Waals Bonds: Weakest; transient charges.

• Hydrogen Bonds: Moderate strength; polarizing atoms.

• Ionic Bonds: Stronger attraction between charged atoms.

• Covalent Bonds: Strongest; involves shared electrons.

Page 22: Rational Drug Design

• Predicts optimal molecular structures based on receptor information.

• Shift from random testing of chemicals to more targeted designs.

Page 23: Drug-Body Interaction

• Two categories of interactions:

  • Pharmacodynamics: Drug's effect on the body.

  • Pharmacokinetics: Body's effect on the drug.

Page 25: Over the Counter Drugs

• Can be dispensed without a prescription for minor ailments.

• Must be sold under pharmacist supervision.

Page 26: Criteria for OTC Classification

1. Time-tested and well-studied.

2. Proven safety and efficacy with high therapeutic index.

3. Not bioequivalent problems or classified as prohibited by health authorities.

Page 27: MIMS Overview

• MIMS: Monthly Index of Medical Specialties; a prescribing reference since 1959.

• Provides concise summaries of prescription information for healthcare professionals.

Page 29: Drug Monographs

• Explanation of drugs found in handbooks, online, and apps.

• Contains necessary information for safe administration and prescription.

Page 30: Components of Drug Monographs

• Includes:

  • Generic Name

  • Pronunciation Guide

  • Brand Name

  • Therapeutic Class

  • Pregnancy Category

  • Indications

  • Dosages

  • Administration

Page 31: Action in Drug Monographs

• Adverse reactions, interactions, and symptoms of overdose are specified.

Page 32: Example of Drug Facts

• Active Ingredient Example: Chlorpheniramine maleate 2 mg

• Function: Antihistamine for allergy relief.

• Warnings about potential drowsiness and other cautions.

Page 33: Drug Evaluation and Regulation

• Animal Studies: Required before human testing.

• Accelerated approval can occur for urgently needed drugs.

Page 34: Acute Toxicity Studies

• Required for all new drugs; involves lethal dose evaluations in various species.

Page 35: Subacute and Chronic Toxicity Studies

• Important for medications used long-term (2–24 months).

Page 36: Types of Animal Studies

• Mutagenesis

• Carcinogenesis

• Teratogenesis

Page 37: Common Teratogens

• List of teratogens that can cause fetal harm:

  • ACE Inhibitors, Antiepileptic Drugs, Barbiturates, etc.

Page 38: Continued Common Teratogens

• More substances with notable fetal effects (e.g., Tetracycline leading to tooth discoloration).

Page 41: Reproductive Toxicity Studies

• Evaluates drug effects on fertility, teratogenic, and mutagenic risks during pregnancy.

Page 42: FDA Drug Categories for Pregnancy

• Classifications of drugs based on safety in human and animal studies (A through X).

Page 43: Homework Assignments

• Topics:

  1. Phases of Clinical Trials.

  2. Dengvaxia issue in the Philippines.

Page 44: Quiz Format

• Questions about essential pharmacology concepts and definitions.

Page 45: Answers Approaches

• Examples covering drug classes, mechanisms, and characteristics.

Page 47: References for Further Study

• Katzung, Bertram G. (2018) Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (14th Edition).

• Administrative Order from the Philippines Department of Health for guidance.

Page 48: End of Presentation