INTRO TO PHARMA

Page 1: Title and Introduction

  • SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY

  • FIDES 1901

  • MANILA

  • INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY by Ram Jairus L. Lapira MD

Page 2: Outline Overview

  • Introduction to Pharmacology

  • History of Pharmacology

  • MIMS and Drug Monographs

  • Over the Counter Drugs

  • Drug Evaluation and Regulation

  • Legal and Ethical Foundations of Pharmacotherapy

Page 3: Definition of Pharmacology

  • Pharmacology: The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes a- Specifically involves binding to regulatory molecules, influencing bodily processes.

Page 4: Medical Pharmacology

  • Definition: The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.

Page 5: Toxicology

  • A branch of pharmacology focused on the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems (from cells to ecosystems).

Page 6: Interaction Categories

  • Pharmacokinetics

    • Absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs

  • Pharmacodynamics

    • What the drug does to the body

  • Factors include:

    • Chemical

    • Patient

    • Environment

    • Intended and unintended targets

    • Other organisms

    • Therapeutic and toxic effects

Page 7: Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

  • Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug.

  • ADME: Stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.

Page 8: Pharmacodynamics

  • Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body.

  • Involves the mechanism of action of drugs.

Page 9: Pharmacogenomics

  • Study of genetic variations affecting drug responses among individuals or populations.

  • Connects individual genetic makeup to their drug reactions, contributing to personalized medicine.

Page 10: Historical Context of Pharmacology

  • Early recognition of beneficial or toxic effects of plant and animal materials.

  • Late 17th century: Shift from theorizing to empirical observation in physiology and medicine.

  • Development of species and their medicinal uses known as materia medica, precursor to pharmacology.

Page 11: Advances in Pharmacology History

  • 18th and early 19th centuries: François Magendie and Claude Bernard established methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology.

  • Introduction of rational therapeutics, and importance of controlled clinical trials for evaluating therapeutic claims.

Page 12: Definition of a Drug

  • Any substance that alters biological function through chemical action.

  • Drugs are classified into:

    • Agonists: Activators

    • Antagonists: Inhibitors

Page 13: Receptors

  • Specific molecules that drugs interact with, regulating biological functions (example: Caffeine interacts with Adenosine).

Page 14: Poisons

  • Drugs with primarily harmful effects.

  • Toxins: Biologically-derived poisons from plants or animals.

  • Contrast with inorganic poisons like lead or arsenic.

Page 15: General Principles About Toxicity

    1. All substances can be toxic under certain conditions.

    1. Chemicals in botanicals are similar to drugs but may have impurities.

    1. All health-enhancing therapies should meet efficacy and safety standards similar to traditional drugs.

Page 16: Physical Nature of Drugs

  • Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous forms of drugs have different routes of administration:

    • Oral (PO), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SQ), Inhalation.

Page 17: Drug Properties

  • Most drugs are weak acids or bases; pH can affect drug ionization.

Page 18: Required Characteristics for Drug-Receptor Interaction

  • Size, electrical charge, shape, and atomic composition.

Page 19: Drug Size

  • Molecular sizes vary widely; most drugs have molecular weights between 100 and 1000.

  • Larger drugs (like proteins) often require direct administration into the effect compartment.

Page 20: Drug Reactivity and Bonding

  • Types of bonding:

    • Covalent Bonds: Irreversible.

    • Electrostatic Bonds: Includes ionic, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions (weaker).

    • Hydrophobic Interactions: Involve lipid-soluble drugs with cell membrane lipids.

Page 21: Relative Strength of Bond Types

  • Van der Waals Bonds: Weakest; transient charges.

  • Hydrogen Bonds: Moderate strength; polarizing atoms.

  • Ionic Bonds: Stronger attraction between charged atoms.

  • Covalent Bonds: Strongest; involves shared electrons.

Page 22: Rational Drug Design

  • Predicts optimal molecular structures based on receptor information.

  • Shift from random testing of chemicals to more targeted designs.

Page 23: Drug-Body Interaction

  • Two categories of interactions:

    • Pharmacodynamics: Drug's effect on the body.

    • Pharmacokinetics: Body's effect on the drug.

Page 25: Over the Counter Drugs

  • Can be dispensed without a prescription for minor ailments.

  • Must be sold under pharmacist supervision.

Page 26: Criteria for OTC Classification

  1. Time-tested and well-studied.

  2. Proven safety and efficacy with high therapeutic index.

  3. Not bioequivalent problems or classified as prohibited by health authorities.

Page 27: MIMS Overview

  • MIMS: Monthly Index of Medical Specialties; a prescribing reference since 1959.

  • Provides concise summaries of prescription information for healthcare professionals.

Page 29: Drug Monographs

  • Explanation of drugs found in handbooks, online, and apps.

  • Contains necessary information for safe administration and prescription.

Page 30: Components of Drug Monographs

  • Includes:

    • Generic Name

    • Pronunciation Guide

    • Brand Name

    • Therapeutic Class

    • Pregnancy Category

    • Indications

    • Dosages

    • Administration

Page 31: Action in Drug Monographs

  • Adverse reactions, interactions, and symptoms of overdose are specified.

Page 32: Example of Drug Facts

  • Active Ingredient Example: Chlorpheniramine maleate 2 mg

  • Function: Antihistamine for allergy relief.

  • Warnings about potential drowsiness and other cautions.

Page 33: Drug Evaluation and Regulation

  • Animal Studies: Required before human testing.

  • Accelerated approval can occur for urgently needed drugs.

Page 34: Acute Toxicity Studies

  • Required for all new drugs; involves lethal dose evaluations in various species.

Page 35: Subacute and Chronic Toxicity Studies

  • Important for medications used long-term (2–24 months).

Page 36: Types of Animal Studies

  • Mutagenesis

  • Carcinogenesis

  • Teratogenesis

Page 37: Common Teratogens

  • List of teratogens that can cause fetal harm:

    • ACE Inhibitors, Antiepileptic Drugs, Barbiturates, etc.

Page 38: Continued Common Teratogens

  • More substances with notable fetal effects (e.g., Tetracycline leading to tooth discoloration).

Page 41: Reproductive Toxicity Studies

  • Evaluates drug effects on fertility, teratogenic, and mutagenic risks during pregnancy.

Page 42: FDA Drug Categories for Pregnancy

  • Classifications of drugs based on safety in human and animal studies (A through X).

Page 43: Homework Assignments

  • Topics:

    1. Phases of Clinical Trials.

    2. Dengvaxia issue in the Philippines.

Page 44: Quiz Format

  • Questions about essential pharmacology concepts and definitions.

Page 45: Answers Approaches

  • Examples covering drug classes, mechanisms, and characteristics.

Page 47: References for Further Study

  • Katzung, Bertram G. (2018) Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (14th Edition).

  • Administrative Order from the Philippines Department of Health for guidance.

Page 48: End of Presentation

robot