Actual APUSH study guide

Chapter 11

Revolution of 1800;

• Definition: The election of 1800 in which Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist), marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.

• Significance: Highlighted the strength of the Constitution in facilitating a democratic transition of power.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Democratic-Republicans, who gained power and advocated for smaller government and agrarian policies.

  • Disliked by: Federalists, who lost control of the presidency and Congress.

• Impact: Reinforced democratic principles and the legitimacy of political opposition.

Embargo Act of 1807;

• Definition: Legislation under Jefferson that banned all American trade with foreign nations, intended to force Britain and France to respect U.S. neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars.

• Significance: Hurt American merchants and caused economic downturns, especially in New England.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Democratic-Republicans who sought to avoid war.

  • Disliked by: Federalists and merchants who depended on trade.

• Impact: Led to smuggling, increased domestic manufacturing, and resentment against Jefferson's policies.

Louisiana Purchase;

• Definition: The 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling U.S. territory.

• Significance: Expanded U.S. landholdings, secured control of the Mississippi River, and provided land for westward expansion.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Democratic-Republicans, who supported land for agriculture and westward expansion.

  • Disliked by: Some Federalists, who feared the new territory would strengthen the South and West politically.

• Impact: Boosted national pride and began the era of Manifest Destiny.

War of 1812 (Primary Cause);

• Definition: Caused primarily by British impressment of American sailors, interference with American trade, and support for Native American resistance against U.S. expansion.

• Significance: Marked the second conflict between the U.S. and Britain and fueled a sense of national identity.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: War Hawks (Democratic-Republicans).

  • Opposed by: Federalists, who saw it as unnecessary and harmful to trade.

• Impact: Boosted U.S. manufacturing and nationalism but exposed internal divisions.

Lewis and Clark;

• Definition: Explorers sent by Jefferson (1804-1806) to map and survey the Louisiana Territory.

• Significance: Provided valuable geographic, scientific, and cultural knowledge of the West.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Democratic-Republicans, as it supported westward expansion.

  • Neutral opposition: Federalists had no strong stance but criticized costs.

• Impact: Paved the way for settlement and strengthened claims to the Pacific Northwest.

Chapter 12

Treaty of Ghent;

• Definition: Ended the War of 1812 in 1814, restoring prewar boundaries with no territorial gains for either side.

• Significance: Ended fighting and marked a return to peaceful relations with Britain.

• Sides: Generally welcomed by all sides, though it failed to address impressment issues.

• Impact: Solidified U.S. independence and set the stage for improved Anglo-American relations.

Hartford Convention;

• Definition: A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 to oppose the War of 1812 and discuss constitutional amendments to limit federal power.

• Significance: Viewed as unpatriotic, leading to the Federalist Party's collapse.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Federalists.

  • Opposed by: Democratic-Republicans and nationalists.

• Impact: Undermined the Federalist Party and reinforced national unity.

Monroe Doctrine;

• Definition: A 1823 U.S. foreign policy declaring opposition to European interference in the Americas.

• Significance: Asserted U.S. dominance in the Western Hemisphere and set a precedent for isolationist policies.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Nationalists and expansionists.

  • Opposed by: European powers.

• Impact: Strengthened U.S. influence in Latin America.

How John Marshall Ruled in the Supreme Court;

• Definition: Chief Justice (1801-1835) whose rulings strengthened federal power and judicial authority.

• Significance: Established judicial review (Marbury v. Madison) and reinforced federal supremacy (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden).

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Federalists.

  • Disliked by: States' rights advocates.

• Impact: Cemented the judiciary's role as a co-equal branch.

Henry Clay’s American System;

• Definition: A plan for economic development involving a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

• Significance: Aimed to unify the nation economically and reduce sectionalism.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Nationalists and Whigs.

  • Opposed by: Democrats, especially in the South.

• Impact: Highlighted sectional tensions over federal spending and economic priorities.

Era of Good Feelings;

• Definition: A period of political unity during Monroe’s presidency (1817-1825) marked by the decline of the Federalist Party.

• Significance: Masked growing sectional divides over slavery and economic policy.

• Sides:

  • Enjoyed by: Democratic-Republicans.

  • Disliked by: Federalists, though they were in decline.

• Impact: Gave way to intense sectionalism.

Effect of the War of 1812 on U.S.;

• Definition: Increased nationalism, industrial growth, and a sense of independence.

• Significance: Boosted U.S. manufacturing due to trade disruptions and weakened Native American resistance.

• Sides: Widely celebrated across party lines after the fact.

• Impact: Solidified U.S. identity and led to the “Market Revolution.”

Chapter 13

Issues with Americans and Texas (Before War);

• Definition: Tensions arose as American settlers in Mexican-controlled Texas ignored Mexican laws (e.g., banning slavery) and pushed for independence.

• Significance: Sparked the Texas Revolution and debates over annexation.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Pro-expansion Americans.

  • Disliked by: Mexico and abolitionists, who opposed the spread of slavery.

• Impact: Foreshadowed the Mexican-American War and increased sectional tension.

Indian Removal Act (1830);

• Definition: Legislation under Andrew Jackson that forced Native American tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi River.

• Significance: Led to the displacement of tens of thousands of Native Americans.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Southern settlers eager for land.

  • Opposed by: Native tribes and some Northern reformers.

• Impact: Destroyed Native cultures and economies while opening new lands for settlement.

Trail of Tears;

• Definition: The forced migration of the Cherokee and other tribes to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) following the Indian Removal Act.

• Significance: Resulted in the deaths of thousands due to disease, exposure, and starvation.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Jackson and expansionists.

  • Opposed by: Humanitarians and Native Americans.

• Impact: Symbolized the brutal treatment of Native peoples and set a precedent for future removals.

Nullification Crisis;

• Definition: A political standoff in 1832-33 over South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal tariffs they deemed unconstitutional.

• Significance: Tested the limits of states' rights vs. federal authority.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: States’ rights advocates like John C. Calhoun.

  • Opposed by: Andrew Jackson, who threatened military action.

• Impact: Resolved by a compromise tariff, but the crisis foreshadowed the Civil War.

Spoils System;

• Definition: The practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters.

• Significance: Promoted loyalty to parties but often led to corruption and inefficiency.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Jackson and Democrats.

  • Opposed by: Whigs and reformers.

• Impact: Institutionalized partisan politics in federal appointments.

Whig Party;

• Definition: A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, supporting a strong federal government, the American System, and modernization.

• Significance: Represented diverse groups united against Jacksonian Democracy.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Merchants, industrialists, and reformers.

  • Opposed by: Democrats and agrarian interests.

• Impact: Played a significant role in shaping early political debates before collapsing over slavery.

Chapter 14

Cult of Domesticity;

• Definition: The 19th-century ideal that women’s roles were limited to the home and focused on child-rearing and moral guidance.

• Significance: Reinforced traditional gender roles while excluding women from public life.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Traditionalists and conservatives.

  • Opposed by: Early feminists.

• Impact: Sparked the women's rights movement as women pushed for expanded roles.

Eli Whitney;

• Definition: Inventor of the cotton gin and a pioneer in interchangeable parts.

• Significance: Revolutionized agriculture and manufacturing.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Southern planters (cotton gin) and industrialists (interchangeable parts).

  • Disliked by: Slavery opponents (cotton gin increased demand for slave labor).

• Impact: Spurred industrial growth and solidified slavery in the South.

Lowell System;

• Definition: A labor system where young women worked in textile mills, living in company-owned boarding houses.

• Significance: Introduced a new industrial workforce model.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Industrialists and laborers seeking jobs.

  • Opposed by: Critics of poor working conditions.

• Impact: Highlighted the challenges of industrialization and women’s roles in the workforce.

Nativism;

• Definition: An anti-immigrant movement advocating for policies favoring native-born Americans over immigrants, especially Irish and German Catholics.

• Significance: Led to discrimination and anti-immigrant policies.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Nativist groups like the Know-Nothing Party.

  • Opposed by: Immigrants and labor advocates.

• Impact: Contributed to social and political divisions.

Impact of Urbanization;

• Definition: Rapid growth of cities due to industrialization, immigration, and internal migration.

• Significance: Led to economic opportunities but also overcrowding, poor sanitation, and labor unrest.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Industrialists and immigrants seeking work.

  • Opposed by: Rural Americans wary of urban influences.

• Impact: Transformed American society and created challenges for infrastructure and governance.

Chapter 15

Seneca Falls Convention (1848);

• Definition: The first women's rights convention, where the Declaration of Sentiments called for gender equality and women's suffrage.

• Significance: Launched the women’s rights movement.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Feminists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

  • Opposed by: Traditionalists and conservatives.

• Impact: Inspired decades of activism for women’s suffrage.

Abolitionist Movement;

• Definition: A social and political movement to end slavery in the U.S.

• Significance: Highlighted moral, political, and economic arguments against slavery.

• Sides:

  • Supported by: Activists like Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison.

  • Opposed by: Southern planters and pro-slavery politicians.

• Impact: Increased sectional tension and led to the Civil War.

Dorothea Dix;

• Definition: A reformer who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill and improved conditions in asylums.

• Significance: Brought national attention to mental health reform.

• Impact: Inspired the creation of state-funded mental health facilities.

Second Great Awakening;

• Definition: A religious revival movement in the early 19th century promoting individual salvation and social reform.

• Significance: Inspired reform movements like temperance, abolition, and women’s rights.

• Impact: Democratized religion and influenced American culture.

Transcendentalism;

• Definition: A philosophical movement emphasizing individual intuition, self-reliance, and a connection to nature.

• Significance: Influenced American literature and reform movements.

• Impact: Promoted individualism and critiques of industrialization.

Temperance Movement;

• Definition: A campaign to limit or ban alcohol consumption.

• Significance: Linked to broader reform efforts to improve societal morals.

• Impact: Led to Prohibition later in the 20th century

Chapter 16

David Walker (1829);

• Definition: An African American abolitionist and author of Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which called for enslaved people to rise up against their oppressors.

• Significance: Walker’s Appeal was one of the most radical anti-slavery documents, advocating for immediate resistance and inspiring fear among Southern slaveholders.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Radical abolitionists.

  • Disliked by: Slaveholders and moderates concerned about violent rebellion.

• Impact: Fueled the abolitionist movement and heightened tensions over slavery.

Frederick Douglass (1841);

• Definition: A formerly enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, orator, and writer. Published The North Star and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

• Significance: Douglass gave a personal, compelling voice to the abolitionist cause, advocating for the end of slavery and equality for African Americans.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Abolitionists and civil rights advocates.

  • Disliked by: Pro-slavery factions.

• Impact: Played a crucial role in convincing Northerners of the immorality of slavery and mobilizing anti-slavery efforts.

Sojourner Truth (1840s);

• Definition: An African American abolitionist and women’s rights activist, famous for her speech "Ain't I a Woman?" at the 1851 Women's Convention.

• Significance: Advocated for both abolition and gender equality, becoming a symbol of intersectional activism.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Abolitionists and early feminists.

  • Disliked by: Pro-slavery advocates and traditionalists.

• Impact: Helped advance both abolition and the women’s rights movement.

William Lloyd Garrison (1831);

• Definition: Founder of The Liberator newspaper and one of the most outspoken abolitionists, calling for immediate emancipation without compromise.

• Significance: Pushed the abolitionist movement toward uncompromising anti-slavery stances, often alienating moderates.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Radical abolitionists.

  • Disliked by: Moderates, pro-slavery advocates, and those fearing conflict.

• Impact: Garrison’s radicalism influenced national debates and mobilized anti-slavery efforts.

American Colonization Society (1816);

• Definition: Organization that promoted the relocation of free African Americans to Africa, founding Liberia as a settlement for freed slaves.

• Significance: Reflected early efforts to address slavery but was criticized for suggesting African Americans could not integrate into U.S. society.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Moderates and some abolitionists.

  • Disliked by: African Americans and radicals who saw it as racist.

• Impact: Had limited success but revealed divisions within the anti-slavery movement.

Ways Slaves Fought the System of Slavery;

• Definition: Enslaved people resisted through revolts, work slowdowns, escaping via the Underground Railroad, and preserving cultural traditions.

• Significance: Resistance demonstrated the humanity and agency of enslaved people and undermined the slave system.

• Impact: Foreshadowed the abolitionist movement and eventual end of slavery.

Impact the Cotton Gin Had on Slavery (1793);

• Definition: Eli Whitney’s invention mechanized cotton processing, making cotton production more profitable and increasing demand for enslaved labor.

• Significance: Cemented slavery’s economic importance in the South.

• Impact: Deepened sectional divides and set the stage for the Civil War.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831);

• Definition: A violent slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner, resulting in the deaths of about 60 white people.

• Significance: Led to stricter slave codes and increased fear of uprisings among slaveholders.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Some abolitionists who saw it as justified resistance.

  • Disliked by: Southern slaveholders and lawmakers.

• Impact: Increased sectional tensions and led to harsher treatment of enslaved people.

Chapter 17

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848);

• Definition: Ended the Mexican-American War and ceded much of Mexico’s northern territory to the U.S., including California and the Southwest.

• Significance: Fulfilled Manifest Destiny but reignited debates over slavery in new territories.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Expansionists.

  • Disliked by: Mexico and abolitionists wary of expanding slavery.

• Impact: Expanded U.S. territory but deepened sectional divides.

Wilmot Proviso (1846);

• Definition: Proposed law to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.

• Significance: Highlighted tensions over the expansion of slavery.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Northerners and abolitionists.

  • Disliked by: Southerners.

• Impact: Failed to pass but fueled sectionalism.

Oregon Trail (1830s–1860s);

• Definition: A route used by settlers moving west to Oregon Territory.

• Significance: Facilitated westward expansion and Manifest Destiny.

• Impact: Increased U.S. presence in the West, leading to eventual statehood.

Acquiring California (1848);

• Definition: Gained through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; the Gold Rush (1849) spurred rapid settlement.

• Significance: Increased U.S. wealth and power but reignited slavery debates.

• Impact: Accelerated economic growth and sectional conflict.

Manifest Destiny (1845);

• Definition: The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent.

• Significance: Justified expansion but displaced Native Americans and Mexicans.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Expansionists and settlers.

  • Disliked by: Native Americans and Mexico.

• Impact: Expanded U.S. territory but caused conflicts.

Annexation of Texas Concerns (1845);

• Definition: Texas’s annexation as a slave state raised fears of imbalance in Congress.

• Significance: Led to tensions with Mexico and sectional strife.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Southern Democrats.

  • Disliked by: Northerners and abolitionists.

• Impact: Contributed to the Mexican-American War and intensified slavery debates.

Chapter 18

Fugitive Slave Law (1850);

• Definition: Part of the Compromise of 1850, it required citizens to assist in capturing runaway slaves and penalized those who helped escapees.

• Significance: Intensified tensions between the North and South by forcing Northerners to participate in slavery.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Southern slaveholders.

  • Disliked by: Northern abolitionists and moderates.

• Impact: Sparked increased abolitionist activity and resistance, such as through the Underground Railroad.

Popular Sovereignty (1848);

• Definition: Allowed residents of new territories to vote on whether to allow slavery.

• Significance: Tried to diffuse tensions over slavery but often led to violent conflict, like in Kansas.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Democrats and pro-slavery advocates.

  • Disliked by: Northern abolitionists.

• Impact: Failed to resolve sectional disputes and fueled violence in “Bleeding Kansas.”

Sectional Balance Concerns in 1848;

• Definition: Fears arose over whether new territories from the Mexican-American War would upset the balance of free and slave states.

• Significance: Highlighted the precarious nature of slavery debates.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: None; both sides feared losing power.

• Impact: Deepened divisions between the North and South.

Harriet Tubman (1849);

• Definition: A former enslaved woman who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading over 300 people to freedom.

• Significance: Symbolized resistance to slavery and defied the Fugitive Slave Law.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Abolitionists.

  • Disliked by: Slaveholders.

• Impact: Inspired others and weakened the institution of slavery.

The Underground Railroad (1830s–1860s);

• Definition: A network of secret routes and safe houses used to help enslaved people escape to freedom.

• Significance: Undermined slavery by assisting thousands to freedom.

• Impact: Increased Southern paranoia and contributed to the Civil War.

Compromise of 1850;

• Definition: A series of laws addressing slavery and territorial expansion, including admitting California as a free state and enacting the Fugitive Slave Law.

• Significance: Temporarily diffused tensions but failed to solve the underlying issue of slavery.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Some moderates.

  • Disliked by: Extremists on both sides.

• Impact: Prolonged sectional disputes.

“Bleeding Kansas” (1856);

• Definition: Violent clashes in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers over the issue of slavery.

• Significance: Highlighted the failure of popular sovereignty and deepened national divisions.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: No one; it was a sign of escalating conflict.

• Impact: Foreshadowed the Civil War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854);

• Definition: Allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise.

• Significance: Led to violent conflict in Kansas and the formation of the Republican Party.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Southern Democrats.

  • Disliked by: Northern abolitionists and Free-Soilers.

• Impact: Worsened sectional tensions.

Chapter 19

Know-Nothing Party (1850s);

• Definition: A nativist political party that opposed immigration, particularly of Catholics.

• Significance: Reflected growing nativism and divisions in U.S. society.

• Impact: Temporarily influenced politics but dissolved over sectional issues.

Significance of the Election of 1860;

• Definition: Abraham Lincoln’s victory prompted Southern secession.

• Significance: Showed the deep divide in the country.

• Impact: Directly led to the Civil War.

First State to Secede (1860);

• Definition: South Carolina seceded following Lincoln’s election.

• Significance: Began the secession movement and led to the Civil War.

• Impact: Marked the formal breakdown of the Union.

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859);

• Definition: An attempt to start a slave rebellion by seizing a federal arsenal in Virginia.

• Significance: Made John Brown a martyr in the North and a terrorist in the South.

• Impact: Heightened sectional tensions.

Freeport Doctrine (1858);

• Definition: Stephen Douglas’s argument that territories could effectively exclude slavery by not enacting pro-slavery laws.

• Significance: Alienated Southern Democrats and split the party.

• Impact: Weakened Democratic unity, helping Lincoln win in 1860.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858);

• Definition: A series of debates over slavery between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the Illinois Senate race.

• Significance: Raised Lincoln’s national profile.

• Impact: Highlighted the irreconcilable divisions over slavery.

Dred Scott Decision (1857);

• Definition: Supreme Court ruling that African Americans were not citizens and Congress couldn’t ban slavery in territories.

• Significance: Invalidated the Missouri Compromise and angered Northerners.

• Impact: Deepened sectional divides.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852);

• Definition: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel exposing the horrors of slavery.

• Significance: Mobilized Northern anti-slavery sentiment.

• Impact: Increased abolitionist fervor and Southern defensiveness.

Chapter 20

Ft. Sumter (1861);

• Definition: The first battle of the Civil War, where Confederate forces fired on the Union garrison in Charleston, South Carolina.

• Significance: Marked the beginning of the Civil War and united the North in a call to arms.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Confederates seeking to assert sovereignty.

  • Disliked by: Union loyalists.

• Impact: Prompted President Lincoln to call for 75,000 troops and led to the secession of four additional Southern states.

Lincoln’s Initial Stance on Slavery (1861);

• Definition: Lincoln initially prioritized preserving the Union over abolishing slavery.

• Significance: Demonstrated his cautious approach to avoid alienating border states.

• Impact: Allowed the Union to maintain support from border states while gradually moving toward emancipation.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Union and Confederacy (1861);

• Union Advantages: Larger population, industrial base, superior infrastructure, and a functioning government.

• Confederacy Advantages: Better military leadership, knowledge of terrain, and a defensive strategy.

• Significance: Highlighted the structural differences that shaped the war’s progression.

• Impact: The Union’s advantages ultimately led to victory despite early Confederate successes.

Anaconda Plan (1861);

• Definition: Union strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River, effectively “squeezing” the Confederacy.

• Significance: Gradually weakened the Southern economy and military.

• Impact: Played a critical role in the Union’s eventual victory.

Role of Disease in the Civil War;

• Definition: Disease was the leading cause of death, killing more soldiers than battle.

• Significance: Highlighted the poor medical knowledge and sanitary conditions of the time.

• Impact: Contributed to enormous casualties and suffering on both sides.

Military Strategies of the North and the South;

• North: Anaconda Plan, total war, and exploiting industrial strength.

• South: Defensive strategy, hoping to wear down the North and gain European recognition.

• Significance: Showed contrasting approaches reflecting their respective strengths.

• Impact: The North’s strategy proved more sustainable over time.

Northern Economy During the War;

• Definition: The North’s industrial economy boomed, supported by war production and new financial systems like greenbacks.

• Significance: Highlighted the economic advantages of industrialization.

• Impact: Helped sustain the Union war effort and foreshadowed postwar industrial dominance.

Lincoln’s Use of Habeas Corpus (1861);

• Definition: Lincoln suspended habeas corpus to arrest Confederate sympathizers and maintain order in border states.

• Significance: Sparked debates over civil liberties during wartime.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Union loyalists and war supporters.

  • Disliked by: Civil libertarians and Confederate sympathizers.

• Impact: Set a precedent for presidential wartime powers.

Chapter 21

Emancipation Proclamation (1863);

• Definition: An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in Confederate-held territories.

• Significance: Reframed the Civil War as a fight against slavery in addition to preserving the Union.

• Sides:

  • Liked by: Abolitionists and enslaved people.

  • Disliked by: Confederates and some Northern Democrats (Copperheads).

• Impact: Encouraged enslaved people to escape and seek Union protection, weakening the Confederacy.

Battle of Vicksburg (1863);

• Definition: A Union victory that gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union.

• Significance: Divided the Confederacy and fulfilled part of the Anaconda Plan.

• Impact: Marked a turning point in the war alongside Gettysburg.

Gettysburg Address (1863);

• Definition: Lincoln’s speech at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery, emphasizing liberty, equality, and national unity.

• Significance: Redefined the purpose of the war and inspired Union morale.

• Impact: Became one of the most famous speeches in American history.

Appomattox Court House (1865);

• Definition: The location where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War.

• Significance: Marked the formal conclusion of the Confederacy.

• Impact: Allowed the Union to begin rebuilding the nation.

Gettysburg and Antietam Similarity;

• Definition: Both were pivotal battles fought on Northern soil and had significant strategic and morale implications.

• Significance: Gettysburg marked the Confederacy’s last invasion attempt; Antietam led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

• Impact: Solidified Union resolve and contributed to the war’s outcome.

13th Amendment (1865);

• Definition: Abolished slavery in the United States.

• Significance: Legally ended the institution of slavery nationwide.

• Impact: Marked a critical step toward equality, though systemic racism persisted.

54th Massachusetts Infantry (1863);

• Definition: An African American regiment in the Union Army known for its valor at Fort Wagner.

• Significance: Demonstrated the courage and capability of Black soldiers.

• Impact: Encouraged further enlistment of African Americans in the Union Army.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863);

• Definition: A major Union victory and the largest battle of the Civil War.

• Significance: Turned the tide against the Confederacy.

• Impact: Weakened Confederate morale and resources.

General Sherman and Total War (1864);

• Definition: Sherman’s strategy of targeting both military and civilian resources, exemplified in his March to the Sea.

• Significance: Devastated the South’s infrastructure and economy.

• Impact: Accelerated the Confederacy’s collapse.

1864 Election;

• Definition: Lincoln was re-elected, defeating Democrat George McClellan.

• Significance: Demonstrated continued Northern support for the war and Lincoln’s leadership.

• Impact: Strengthened the Union’s resolve to pursue total victory.

Lincoln’s Assassination (1865);

• Definition: Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth shortly after the Civil War’s end.

• Significance: Left the nation without its leader during Reconstruction.

• Impact: Complicated efforts to reconcile the North and South.

Chapter 22

Economy of the Postwar South;

• Definition: The Southern economy was devastated, with agriculture in disarray and infrastructure destroyed.

• Significance: Highlighted the challenges of rebuilding after the war.

• Impact: Led to a reliance on sharecropping and tenant farming, perpetuating economic inequality.

14th Amendment (1868);

• Definition: Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

• Significance: Addressed issues of former enslaved people’s rights.

• Impact: Became a cornerstone of civil rights law.

15th Amendment (1870);

• Definition: Prohibited voting discrimination based on race, color, or previous servitude.

• Significance: Aimed to protect African American suffrage.

• Impact: Southern states circumvented it through poll taxes, literacy tests, and other means.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865);

• Definition: A federal agency that provided education, housing, and assistance to freed slaves and poor whites.

• Significance: Made strides in education but faced significant opposition.

• Impact: Improved literacy rates but was underfunded and short-lived.

Radical Republicans;

• Definition: A faction of the Republican Party that pushed for harsh Reconstruction policies and full rights for freed slaves.

• Significance: Clashed with moderates and Southern Democrats.

• Impact: Led to significant Reconstruction legislation, though their efforts were undermined after 1877.

Black Codes (1865–1866);

• Definition: Laws in Southern states restricting African Americans’ freedoms and forcing them into exploitative labor arrangements.

• Significance: Undermined Reconstruction efforts and perpetuated racial inequality.

• Impact: Led to the 14th and 15th Amendments.

End of Reconstruction (1877);

• Definition: Marked by the Compromise of 1877, which withdrew federal troops from the South.

• Significance: Ended federal efforts to enforce civil rights in the South.

• Impact: Allowed the rise of Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement of African Americans.

Why Feminist Leaders Were Upset by the 14th and 15th Amendments;

• Definition: These amendments extended rights to African American men but excluded women.

• Significance: Split the suffrage movement into groups focused on women’s and African American rights.

• Impact: Delayed women’s suffrage.

Political Corruption During Reconstruction;

• Definition: Graft and bribery were widespread in state and federal governments.

• Significance: Undermined public support for Reconstruction.

• Impact: Contributed to the eventual withdrawal of Northern support for Reconstruction policies.

KKK (1865);

• Definition: A white supremacist group that used terror to oppose Reconstruction and suppress African American rights.

• Significance: Demonstrated the violent resistance to racial equality.

• Impact: Weakened Reconstruction efforts and perpetuated systemic racism.

Why Johnson Was Tried for Impeachment (1868);

• Definition: Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval.

• Significance: Reflected deep political divisions over Reconstruction.

• Impact: Johnson was acquitted by one vote but lost political power.

William Seward’s Purchase (1867);

• Definition: The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, known as “Seward’s Folly.”

• Significance: Initially criticized but later valued for its resources.

• Impact: Expanded U.S. territory and influence.