Chapter 23 Exercise

Q1: true or false - Adverse reactions can occur when using low-osmolality (non-ionic) contrast media, but are most often associated with the higher osmolality (ionic) contrast media. 

Q2: Air as a negative contrast medium, was originally used in ___ to study the ventricles of children with hydrocephalus. 

1. 1896

2. 1908

3. 1950

4. 1918

Q3: Select the true statement from the choices below.

1. When a patient scheduled for both a PET scan and CT scan, it is important to do the CT scan first due to the length of the PET scan procedure and its radioisotope half-life.

2. Nuclear studies using radiopharmaceuticals are generally more functional in nature.

3. The principle ingredient in MR contrast material is hydrogen.

4. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) is a significant concern in the use of radioisotopes in nuclear medicine. Radiographic examinations are generally more structural in nature.

Q4: Positive contrast agents

1. have a tendency to absorb X-ray photon energy to a great extent.

2. have high atomic numbers.

3. All of these are correct.

4. appear opaque on radiographs because of the degree of attenuation.

Q5: Negative contrast agents

1. provide high x-ray beam attenuation and absorption.

2. are opaque to the transmission of X-rays.

3. have low atomic numbers.

4. are materials such as bone and metal.

Q6: Contrast media are used in radiographic imaging to:
a. increase the radiographic density of the area of interest
b. enhance the subject contrast of the area of interest
c. decrease the radiographic density of the area of interest
d. lower the subject contrast of the area of interest

Q7: Laboratory tests to assess a patient’s BUN and creatinine are used to determine the patient’s

1. renal function.

2. liver function.

3. blood gas levels.

4. glucose levels.

Q8: Hydroxyl groups on nonionic water-soluble iodinated contrast media increase:
a. osmotic effects
b. solubility
c. blood pressure
d. bronchospasm

Q9: Contrast media that dissociate into two molecular particles are known as:
a. ionic agents
b. low osmolality agents
c. nonionic agents
d. oil-based agents

Q10: Typical premedication for an Iodinated contrast allergy would include

prednisone and benedryl

prednisone

benedryl

gastrigrafin

Q1: Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to patients with compromised renal function. Patients who commonly have compromised kidney function include

1. All of these

2. renal dialysis patients.

3. elderly patients.

4. patients with diabetes.

Q2: A double-contrast study of the colon is an example of

1. the use of both a negative and a positive contrast agent on the same image.

2. a low-contrast examination.

3. an exam utilizing twice the volume of contrast media.

4. All of these.

Q3: For select examinations, air (negative contrast) and radiopaque contrast are used as a pair to outline mucosal linings, joint interspaces, and passageways. These examinations are considered

1. low-contrast studies.

2. single-contrast examinations.

3. double-contrast studies.

4. extremely dangerous and rarely done

Q4: Because ____ media dissociate in water, their injection into the blood plasma results in a great increase in the number of particles present in the plasma, which has the effect of displacing water. 

1. negative contrast

2. ionic

3. non-ionic

4. osmotic

Q5: What can be done to reduce allergic-like effects for a patient who will receive water-soluble iodine contrast media?
a. premedicate with steroids and antihistamines
b. give intravenous fluids
c. instruct the patient to drink warm salt water before the procedure
d. give a negative contrast agent with the iodinated medium

Q6: A normal creatinine would be

1.9

2.5

1.0

30-59

Q1: A common contrast agent used for MRI examinations is

1. gadolinium-DTPA.

2. tri-iodinated thorium.

3. barium sulfate.

4. protease.

Q2: Most adverse reactions to ionic, iodinated contrast agents are caused by

1. their pH.

2. their hydrogen concentration.

3. their osmolality.

4. the presence of iodine.
   

Q3: Which one of the following drugs should be discontinued 48 hours before and 48 hours after administration of water-soluble iodine contrast media?
a. insulin
b. glucagons
c. beta-blockers
d. metformin

Q4: A radiopharmaceutical is

1. a radioactive material used for nuclear imaging.

2. any medication given by a radiologist.

3. a contrast agent.

4. any medication given to patients in radiology.

Q5: A negative contrast agent will:
a. increase density and is radiopaque
b. decrease density and is radiopaque
c. decrease density and is radiolucent
d. increase density and is radiolucent

Q6: Which of the following is not one of the 5 radiographic densities? 

1. metal

2. air

3. fat

4. wood

Q7: The use of contrast material as a means for visualizing human anatomy has a long history. Regardless of the type of contrast media, the purpose for using contrast media is to

1. enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures.

2. improve gastric motility and digestion.

3. improve the contrast between high contrast structures such as bone.

4. take advantage of Compton interactions and increase the amount of remnant radiation.

Q1: The standard amount of IV contrast is usually 

1cc per lb or 2cc per kg, 5cc per lb or 10 cc per kg, all patients receive the same amount, more than 60cc

Q2: Which of the following is a key contrast characteristic? 

1. divisibility

2. sodium content

3. ability of an agent to mix with body fluids
   

Q3: When giving IV iodinated contrast, how many cc's of contrast would a patient weighing 50lbs receive

50, 5, 25, 100

Q4: Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to patients with compromised renal function. Patients who commonly have compromised kidney function include

1. All of these

2. renal dialysis patients.

3. elderly patients.

4. patients with diabetes.

Q5: Negative contrast agents are composed of ___ 

1. low atomic number elements

2. mid-range atomic number elements

3. high atomic number elements

Q6: Two types of physiologic feedback looks are

positive and negative, medial and lateral, intrinsic and exotrinsic, sympathetic and nervous

Q1: Nonionic low-osmolality contrast agents have gained tremendous popularity with physicians as a safer choice for iodine contrast examinations. It is important to remember that nonionics

1. cannot be used on patients who have had several CT examinations.

2. still pose a risk to renal function.

3. are much less expensive than ionics.

4. are more difficult to inject owing to their higher viscosity.
   

Q2: Barium sulfate would be contraindicated for a patient with

1. diverticulosis.

2. colonic polyps.

3. a suspected duodenal bulb perforation.

4. All of these

Q3: Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the creation of

1. low atomic number elements creating sonographic echoes.

2. cations and anions that work harmoniously.

3. high atomic number elements creating sonographic echoes.

4. microbubbles with phospholipid shells.

Q4: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) is a particular concern when performing

1. barium studies on patients with compromised renal function.

2. the contrast agent changes into a radiopharmaceutical.

3. contrast studies of the kidney using high frequency ultrasound.

4. MRI studies on patients with questionable kidney function.

Q5: An undesirable characteristic of ionic contrast agents is their

1. dissociation into a cation and an anion when dissolved in plasma.

2. very short persistence in the tissues.

3. neutral pH.

4. neutral osmolality.

Q6: true or false - A normal GFR value should be greater than 60ml/min

Q1: A double-contrast study of the colon is an example of

1. the use of both a negative and a positive contrast agent on the same image.

2. a low-contrast examination.

3. an exam utilizing twice the volume of contrast media.

4. All of these.

Q2: When using any type of contrast agent for a radiographic examination,

1. the patient should have the final choice on the type of contrast used.

2. a radiopharmaceutical may be substituted for contrast material, in patients with a moderated risk factor.

3. the cost of the contrast agent and options should be explained to the patient agent.

4. a thorough medical history must be taken by the imaging professional.