Anatomy

Anatomy - study of body structure

Gross / Macroscopic - No Microscope

• Regional - Area to Area

• Systemic - system by system

• Surface - External form and relation to deeper structures

Microscopic - seen w/ Microscope

• Cytology - Cellular anatomy

• Histology - Study of Tissues

Physiology - Study of Functions/Processes

• Cell Physiology - processes in cells

• Neurophysiology - nervous System processes

• Cardiovascular - processes in Heart, blood, blood vessels

Tissue - Group of cells w/ similar Structure

• Humans have over 200 cell types

Organ - collection of 2 or more tissues to perform a function

4 General Types of Animal Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

• Skin

Connective Tissue

• Cartilage

• Bone

Nervous Tissue

• Brain

• Nerves

Muscle

• organ/Visceral

• Heart

• Skeletal

Organs

https://www.geoguessr.com/vgp/3801

Organ Systems

Integumentary System - Encloses Internal Body Structures: Site of many sensory receptors: Prevents Water Loss: Produce vitamin D

• Skin

• Hair

• Nails

• Sweat Glands

Skeletal System - Supports body: Enables movement w/ muscular system: Produces Blood Cells: Stores minerals and Fats: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Joints

• Skull

• Clavicle

• Sternum

• Ribs

• Humorous

• Vertebral Column

• Radius

• Ulna

• Pelvis

• Femur

• Tibia

• Fibula

Muscular System - Enables movement: Helps maintain body temperature: Maintains posture: Produces body heat: Muscles attached to skeleton by tendons

• Temporalis

• Pectoralis Major

• Biceps Brachii

• Rectus Abdominis

• Sartorius

• Quadriceps Femoris

• Gastrocnemius

Nervous System - Detects and process sensory information: Activates bodily Responses: Controls movements, Physiological Processes, and intellectual functions: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Sensory Receptors

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

• Nerve

• Cauda Equina

Endocrine System - Secretes Hormones: Regulates body processes: Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc.: Glands, Pituitary glad

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary

• Pineal Gland

• Thyroid

• Thymus

• Adrenals

• Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid)

• Pancreas (islets)

• Testes (male)

• Ovaries (female)

Cardiovascular System - Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues: Equalizes body temperature: Transports Waste, Gases and Hormones: Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood

• Carotid Artery

• Jugular Vein

• Superior Vena Cava

• Heart

• Pulmonary Trunk

• Brachial Artery

• Aorta

• Inferior Vena Cava

• Femoral Artery and Vein

Lymphatic System - Returns fluid to blood: Defends against pathogens: Removes foreign substances form blood and lymph: Absorbs fats form digestive tract: Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic Organs

• Tonsils

• Cervical Lymph node

• Mammary Plexus

• Thymus

• Axillary Lymph node

• Lymphatic Vessel

• Thoracic duct

• spleen

• Inguinal Lymph node

Respiratory System - Removes Carbon dioxide from the body: Delivers oxygen to blood: Regulates blood pH: Lungs and Respiratory Passages

• Nose

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx (throat)

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs

Digestive System - Processes food for use by the body: Removes waste from undigested food: Mechanical and chemical Digestion: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Accessory Organs

• Pharynx

• Oral Cavity

• Salvatory Glands

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Pancreas

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

• Appendix

• Rectum

• Anus

Urinary System - Controls water balance in the body: Removes wastes from blood and excretes them: Regulates blood pH: Ion balance: Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, Ducts that carry urine

• Kidney

• Ureter

• Urinary Bladder

• Urethra

Female Reproductive System - Produces sex hormones and gametes: Supports embryo/fetus until birth: Produces milk: Ovaries, Vagina, Uterus, Mammary glands, Associated structures

• Mammary Gland (breast)

• Uterine tube

• Ovary

• Uterus

• Vagina

Male Reproductive System - Produces sex hormones and gametes: Delivers gametes (sperm) to female: Testis, Accessory structures, Ducts, Penis

• Seminal Vesicles

• Prostate Gland

• Testis

• Ducts Deferens

• Epididymis

• Penis

Anatomical Position

Anatomical Position - Erect, face forward, feet together, Palms forward

Supine - Face up

Prone - Face down

Superior/Cephalic - Towards head

Inferior/Caudal - Towards feet

Medial - Towards center

Lateral - Away from center

Proximal - Closer to

Distal - Away from

Superficial - Surface

Deep - Deep

Anterior/Ventral - Front

Posterior/Dorsal - Back

Body Parts and Regions

Body Cavities - Fluid filled Space

Diaphragm - Divides Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity

Mediastinum - Contains all structures of Thoracic cavity

• not lungs

Trunk Cavities

• Thoracic

• Abdominal

• Pelvic

Abdominopelvic Divisions

Nine Abdominal Regions

• Right Hypochondriac Region

  • Gallbladder

  • Liver

• Right Lumbar Region

  • Ascending Colon

• Right Iliac Region

  • Cecum

  • Appendix

• Epigastric Region

  • Stomach

  • Liver

  • Pancreas

• Umbilical Region

  • Small Intestine

• Hypogastric Region

  • Urinary Bladder

  • Rectum

• Left Hypochondriac Region

  • Stomach

  • Spleen

• Left Lumbar Region

  • Descending colon

• Left Iliac Region

  • Sigmoid Colon

Four abdominal quadrants

• Right Upper Quadrant

• Right Lower Quadrant

• Left Upper Quadrant

• Left Lower Quadrant

Serous Membranes

Cover organs of trunk cavities / line the Cavity

Inner Wall - Visceral Serous membrane: filled with lubricating serious fluid

Outer Wall - Parietal Serous membrane filled with lubricating serious fluid

Pericardium - Heart

Pleura - Lungs/Thoracic Cavity

Peritoneum - Abdominopelvic Cavity

Imaging

Radiology/ X-ray - Shadowy negative of internal body structures

Ultrasounds - Computer -analyzed sound waves bounded off a structure

• 2D or 3D

• Transdermal or Transvaginal

Computed Tomography /CT Scan - Composite of radiograph; shows slices of Body

Digital Spatial Reconstructions/DSR - 3D version of CT Scan Both with or without contrast

Digital Subtraction Angiography/DSA - Comparison of radiographs with and without dye

• blood vessel studies

Magnetic Resonance Imaging/MRI - Magnetism and Radio waves boking for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues

Position Emission Tomography/PET- Uses Radioactivity labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells

Abdominal Planes

Sagittal - Left and Right

Frontal/Coronal - Front and Back

Transverse/Horizontal - Top and Bottom

Oblique - Cut at Right Angle

Planes Through Organs

Longitudinal - Cut along length of an organ

Transverse - Cut at right angle along length of organ

Oblique - Cut at right angle