Untitled Flashcards Set

Hamilton's Fiscal Policy

• Funding and Assumption: Hamilton's plan to assume state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War and fund them at full value, consolidating national credit.

• National Bank: A federal institution established to stabilize the economy and provide loans to spur growth.

• Tariff: A tax on imports to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government.

• Whiskey Rebellion: A 1794 uprising in Pennsylvania over an excise tax on whiskey, showcasing federal authority under Washington.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

• A treaty between the U.S. and Britain resolving lingering issues post-Revolutionary War. It averted war but angered France and Jeffersonian Republicans.

Election of 1796

• The first contested presidential election in U.S. history, where John Adams (Federalist) won over Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican).

XYZ Affair (1797-1798)

• A diplomatic incident where French officials demanded bribes from American envoys, leading to anti-French sentiment in the U.S.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

• Laws passed by Federalists to restrict immigrants and limit criticism of the government, sparking outrage among Democratic-Republicans.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

• Written by Jefferson and Madison, these resolutions argued that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Election of 1800

• A bitterly contested election resulting in a tie between Jefferson and Burr, resolved in the House of Representatives. Jefferson won, marking the first peaceful transfer of power.

Aaron Burr

• Jefferson's vice president involved in controversies, including a duel with Alexander Hamilton and a suspected conspiracy to create an independent nation.

12th Amendment (1804)

• Revised the electoral process by requiring separate votes for president and vice president to avoid future ties.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• A Supreme Court case that established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

John Marshall

• Influential Chief Justice who strengthened the federal government through landmark Supreme Court decisions.

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Established the federal judiciary system, including district courts and the Supreme Court.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• The acquisition of French territory doubling the size of the U.S., negotiated by Jefferson.

Napoleon

• French leader who sold Louisiana to the U.S. to fund European wars.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

• Leader of the Haitian Revolution, which disrupted French plans and influenced the Louisiana Purchase.

San Domingue

• Present-day Haiti, site of the successful slave revolt that ended French colonial rule.

Articles of Confederation

• The first U.S. government framework, which had weaknesses such as no power to tax or regulate commerce.

Problems and Provisions of the Articles

• Weak central government, lack of executive branch, no judiciary, and inability to address financial issues or maintain order.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

• Established a process for territories to become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Mt. Vernon Conference (1785)

• A meeting that resolved navigation disputes and laid the groundwork for the Constitutional Convention.

Annapolis Conference (1786)

• A precursor to the Constitutional Convention, highlighting the need to revise the Articles of Confederation.

Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787)

• An uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting debt and taxes, highlighting weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.

Philadelphia Convention (1787)

• Meeting where the U.S. Constitution was drafted to replace the Articles of Confederation.

James Madison

• "Father of the Constitution" and key architect of the Virginia Plan.

Alexander Hamilton

• Advocate for a strong central government and author of many Federalist Papers.

Roger Sherman

• Creator of the Great Compromise, balancing representation for small and large states.

Virginia Plan

• Proposal favoring representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan

• Proposal favoring equal representation for all states.

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

• Combined the Virginia and New Jersey plans, creating a bicameral legislature.

3/5ths Compromise

• Counted three-fifths of enslaved individuals for taxation and representation purposes.

Checks and Balances

• System ensuring no branch of government becomes too powerful.

Federalists

• Advocates of the Constitution and a strong central government.

Anti-Federalists

• Opposed the Constitution, fearing centralized power and lack of individual rights.

Bill of Rights

• The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual freedoms.

Federalist Papers

• Essays promoting Constitution ratification, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay.

John Jay

• First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and author of several Federalist Papers.

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American Colonization Society (1816)

• An organization aimed at resettling freed African Americans in Africa, leading to the establishment of Liberia.

Liberia

• A West African nation founded by freed African Americans through the American Colonization Society.

John Floyd

• A Virginia politician who advocated for gradual emancipation and colonization of African Americans.

David Walker

• A free African American abolitionist who wrote The Appeal, urging enslaved people to fight for freedom.

The Appeal (1829)

• David Walker's pamphlet calling for the immediate end of slavery and resistance to oppression.

William Lloyd Garrison

• A leading abolitionist who published The Liberator, advocating for the immediate abolition of slavery.

The Liberator (1831)

• Garrison's anti-slavery newspaper that became a key voice in the abolition movement.

Positive-Good Argument

• A pro-slavery justification claiming slavery benefitted both enslaved people and society.

Slave Codes

• Laws restricting the rights of enslaved people to prevent rebellion and control their behavior.

Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s)

• A Protestant religious revival emphasizing individual salvation and reform movements.

Charles G. Finney

• A leading preacher of the Second Great Awakening who promoted revivalism and social reform.

Circuit Riders

• Itinerant preachers who traveled to spread religious messages in rural areas.

Millennialism

• The belief in Christ's second coming and a thousand-year reign of peace.

William Miller

• A preacher who predicted Christ's return, inspiring the Millerite movement.

Seventh-Day Adventists

• A Christian denomination that emerged from Millerism, emphasizing Christ's imminent return and Sabbath observance.

Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

• A religious group founded by Joseph Smith, later led by Brigham Young to Utah.

Joseph Smith

• Founder of Mormonism and translator of the Book of Mormon.

Brigham Young

• Second leader of the Mormons who led their migration to Utah.

Deseret

• The Mormon settlement in Utah envisioned as a theocratic society.

Shakers (Ann Lee)

• A religious sect emphasizing communal living, celibacy, and ecstatic worship.

Utopian Societies

• Communities aiming to create ideal living conditions, often through communal property and shared labor.

New Harmony (Robert Owen)

• A utopian community in Indiana focused on cooperative living and social reform.

Fruitlands (Bronson Alcott)

• A short-lived transcendentalist utopian community emphasizing self-sufficiency.

Oneida (John Humphrey Noyes)

• A communal society in New York practicing shared property, “complex marriage,” and self-perfection.

Northern Development

• Growth of industrialization, transportation, and urbanization in the northern U.S.

Erie Canal (1825)

• A major waterway connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, boosting trade and westward expansion.

Railroads

• Key infrastructure for industrialization, connecting regions and enabling economic growth.

Cottage Industry

• Early system of manufacturing where goods were produced in homes rather than factories.

Waltham (Lowell) System

• A factory system employing young women in textile mills under strict conditions.

Urbanization

• The growth of cities due to industrialization and population movement.

Southern Society

• Characterized by an agrarian economy, slavery, and a rigid class hierarchy.

Planters

• Wealthy landowners who dominated southern politics and society.

Crackers

• Poor white farmers in the South with little land or political influence.

Free Blacks

• African Americans not enslaved but subject to significant restrictions and discrimination.

Maroons

• Communities of escaped enslaved people living independently, often in remote areas.

Underground Railroad

• A secret network aiding enslaved people in escaping to freedom.

Gabriel Prosser

• Leader of a planned slave revolt in Virginia in 1800, which was thwarted before it began.

Charles Deslondes

• Leader of a large but unsuccessful slave revolt in Louisiana in 1811.

Denmark Vesey

• A freedman who planned a major slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822.

Nat Turner (1831)

• Enslaved preacher who led a violent slave rebellion in Virginia, intensifying sectional tensions.

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Five Civilized Tribes

• Native American groups (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) who adopted some European-American customs to coexist with settlers.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

• A Supreme Court case where John Marshall ruled that states couldn’t impose laws on Native American lands, a decision ignored by Andrew Jackson.

Trail of Tears

• The forced relocation of the Cherokee and other tribes to lands west of the Mississippi, resulting in thousands of deaths.

Sequoyah

• A Cherokee who developed a written syllabary for the Cherokee language, promoting literacy.

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

• A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over the state's attempt to nullify federal tariffs.

"Tariff of Abominations" (1828)

• A high tariff benefiting northern industries but harming the southern economy, sparking outrage.

"South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

• Written by John C. Calhoun, advocating for the nullification of the Tariff of Abominations.

Force Bill (1833)

• Passed by Congress, allowing Andrew Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.

Nicholas Biddle

• President of the Second Bank of the United States and a central figure in its conflict with Andrew Jackson.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• A Supreme Court case affirming federal authority over states and upholding the constitutionality of the national bank.

Maysville Road Veto (1830)

• Jackson’s veto of federal funding for a Kentucky road, asserting limits on federal power in state projects.

Martin Van Buren

• Eighth president of the U.S. and a key organizer of the Democratic Party, inheriting the economic fallout of the Panic of 1837.

Eaton Affair (Peggy Eaton)

• A social scandal involving the wife of Jackson’s Secretary of War, which divided Jackson’s cabinet and influenced his political decisions.

National Democrats/Whigs

• The Whig Party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, supporting a strong federal government and modernization.

American System

• Henry Clay’s plan for economic development, including a national bank, protective tariffs, and infrastructure improvements.

Hayne-Webster Debate (1830)

• A Senate debate over states' rights versus national unity, with Webster defending federal authority.

Election of 1836

• Martin Van Buren won the presidency as Andrew Jackson’s successor, facing a fragmented opposition.

Panic of 1837

• A financial crisis caused by speculative banking practices, falling cotton prices, and the failure of state banks.

Election of 1840 ("Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign)

• William Henry Harrison won using a populist campaign, emphasizing his humble origins (despite being wealthy).

William Henry Harrison

• Ninth U.S. president who died a month after taking office, leading to John Tyler’s presidency.

John Tyler

• Tenth U.S. president, known as “His Accidency,” who clashed with the Whigs and pursued annexation of Texas.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

• Resolved border disputes between the U.S. and British Canada, improving relations with Britain.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

• A naval conflict between the U.S. and Britain that escalated tensions leading to the War of 1812.

Embargo Act (1807)

• A ban on U.S. trade with foreign nations, intended to pressure Britain and France but harming the American economy.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

• Replaced the Embargo Act, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.

War Hawks

• Congressional leaders like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who advocated for war with Britain, leading to the War of 1812.

John C. Calhoun

• A leading War Hawk, advocate for states' rights, and architect of the nullification theory.

Henry Clay

• A key political leader who promoted the American System and sought compromises to sectional conflicts.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Native leaders who sought to unite tribes against American expansion but were defeated during the War of 1812.

William Henry Harrison

• Military leader and future president who defeated Tecumseh’s forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Tippecanoe (1811)

• A battle where Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s confederacy, weakening Native resistance.

Creek War (1813-1814)

• A conflict during the War of 1812 where Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend.

Red Sticks

• A faction of Creek warriors who opposed American expansion and allied with Britain.

Andrew Jackson

• General during the Creek War and War of 1812, later a controversial U.S. president.

Horseshoe Bend (1814)

• A decisive battle where Jackson’s forces crushed the Creek Red Sticks.

Oliver Hazard Perry

• Naval commander who secured a key victory at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)

• A significant naval victory ensuring U.S. control of the Great Lakes.

Fort McHenry (1814)

• Site of a British attack during the War of 1812, inspiring the writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

• A major U.S. victory under Andrew Jackson after the War of 1812 had officially ended with the Treaty of Ghent.

Jean Lafitte

• A pirate who aided Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war borders without addressing the causes of the war.

Decline and Death of the Federalist Party

• The Federalist Party faded after opposing the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention tarnished its reputation.

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

• A meeting of New England Federalists to protest the War of 1812, seen as unpatriotic and leading to the party’s decline.

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

• A period of political unity under Monroe’s presidency, marked by nationalism and the decline of party conflict.

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Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

• An agreement between the U.S. and Britain limiting naval presence on the Great Lakes, marking a step toward peaceful U.S.-Canada relations.

Treaty of 1818

• Established the U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel and allowed joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.

Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty (1819)

• A treaty with Spain where the U.S. acquired Florida and established a boundary between U.S. and Spanish territories.

Cottage Industry

• Small-scale, home-based manufacturing, prevalent before industrialization.

Oliver Evans

• An inventor who developed automated flour mills and early designs for steam engines, advancing industrial technology.

Eli Whitney

• Inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton production and revitalized slavery in the South.

Revival of Slavery

• Fueled by the cotton gin and expansion into new territories, making slavery more profitable and entrenching it in the South.

Panic of 1819

• The first major U.S. financial crisis, caused by land speculation and declining European demand for American goods.

B.U.S. (Bank of the United States)

• Central bank that managed federal funds and stabilized the economy; criticized for favoring elites.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of the 36°30′ latitude line in the Louisiana Territory.

James Tallmadge

• A congressman who proposed an amendment to gradually end slavery in Missouri, sparking heated debate.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• A policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization, asserting U.S. influence in the Americas.

Election of 1824

• A contested election where John Quincy Adams was chosen as president by the House of Representatives in what opponents called a "corrupt bargain."

Virginia Dynasty

• A term for the dominance of Virginian presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) in early U.S. history.

King Caucus

• The system where congressional party members selected presidential candidates, replaced by more democratic nomination processes.

Succession of Secretary of State

• A tradition where Secretaries of State (e.g., Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) often became presidents.

William Crawford

• A candidate in the 1824 election who represented southern interests but suffered a stroke, weakening his campaign.

John Quincy Adams

• Sixth president of the U.S., whose presidency focused on internal improvements but faced opposition from Jacksonian Democrats.

Panama Conference (1826)

• A meeting of Latin American nations that John Quincy Adams supported, aiming to strengthen ties in the Western Hemisphere.

Election of 1828

• Marked by a bitter campaign, Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, representing a shift toward greater popular democracy.