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main verb | directional complement |
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⾛ | 进来 |
站 | 过去 |
坐 | 下来 |
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If the object signifies a place, it is usually inserted after the direction verb, or between the main verb and the direction verb.
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Directional complements can also be used with a 把-sentence.
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A directional complement used with “V + 出来” signifies a change in status. When there is an object, one can often leave out the word “来”.
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This can be rewritten as:
When the directional complement occurs at the end of a sentence, however, one must use the full complement.
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A directional complement with “V + 起来” means “seem.”
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Potential complements are formed by inserting “得” or “不” between a verb and a resultative complement.
Or, they may appear between a verb and a directional complement to indicate whether a certain result will be realized or not.
The complements can be constructed as the equivalent of “能” and “不能.” Consider using “能” to rewrite the above example “今天的作业你半个⼩时做得完吗?”:
Potential complements appear primarily in negative sentences, or in questions. The affirmative form of the resultative complement and the negative form of a potential complement can be put together to form a question.
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Potential complements have a unique function that cannot be fulfilled by the “不能 + verb + complement” construction. A potential complement cannot be used in a “把”—sentence, either. The following sentences are incorrect.
The following sentences are correct.
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This kind of sentence has two or more verbs or verbal structures that are used as the predicate of the same subject.
The negative form is usually made by adding the negative adverb “不” or “沒有” before the first predicate verb.
If the sentence needs an adverbial adjunct, it is normally placed between the subject and the first predicate verb.
Usually the second verb indicates the purpose of the first verb, or the first verb-object phrase explains the means for achieving the second.
When the second verb indicates the purpose of the first, both verbs typically share a common object; therefore, the second verb usually omits the object.
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Pattern 1: A跟B + ⼀樣 (样)
A跟B + 不 + ⼀樣 (样)
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Pattern 2: A + 像+ B + (other element)
A + 不像+ B + (other element)
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