74% of Earth's surface is covered with water.

Water Distribution

Potable water is water that is safe to drink. On Earth, 0.3% is usable by humans. 99.7% is unusable.

Source: % Potable

oceans 97.24% no

ice caps/glaciers 2.14% yes, but it’s frozen

groundwater 0.61% yes, but it’s not accessible

inland seas 0.008% no

freshwater lakes 0.009% yes

atmosphere 0.001% yes

rivers 0.001% yes

Watershed: is a region of interconnected rivers and streams, also known as a drainage basin

Reservoir: Artificial way for storing water

Water Quality

Describe how clean the water is.

What does it contain?

• Living organisms

• organic material

• chemicals

• metals

Substances Dissolve in water

salts. Salinity is the total amount of all salts found in water. Saltwater has a salinity of 3.5%

Hardwater: water that is made of dissolved minerals, can cause a build-up in plumbing fixtures

Testing water quality

• taste and odor

• turbidity (cloudiness)

• toxins

• bacteria

• mineral content

• pH (acidity)

• Dissolved O2

• suspended solids

• dissolved solids

2.0 Water in its Various States Affects Earth’s Landforms and Climate

Waves and Tides

Waves: are surface movements. A disturbance or variation, transferring energy from point to point in a medium occurring whenever a force comes in contact with water

Waves cause a “wash” or “wave action” that can affect objects and shorelines.

Tides: Regular rising and falling of large bodies of water

The Movement of Waves

Waves are changes in pattern. The water doesn’t move: it acts as a medium for the wave action. Within each wave, the particles of water move in a circular motion. Their bottoms drag the ocean floor and their tops rise and break on the shore, causing damage by force

Effects of Waves on Shorelines

1. Erosion: Wearing away from the shoreline

2. Deposition: depositing material, building up the shoreline

Tsunamis

“Tidal” waves caused by earthquakes, volcanos, and landslides

Tides

The water level is called a tide. They are caused by the gravitational force of the moon and the rotation of the Earth on its axis

Distillation

Distillation: Removing water from a solution by boiling off the water, collecting the steam, condensing it, and leaving its impurities behind

Reverse Osmosis

Osmosis(passive): the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Reverse Osmosis(requires energy): Forging water through a selectively permeable membrane

Erosion and Deposition

A stream profile is a description of its characteristics including flow rate, steepness of the flow rates bed, and erosion rates of its banks

1. Source: usually a glacier melting

2. Channel: small trickles from the source trickle into the channel.

Streams flow faster as they leave from the source. The stream slows and meanders at lower elevations until it reaches a fairly flat floodplain. Sediment is deposited in a fan-like structure called a delta

Chemical weathering: Erosion or the wearing away of rock due to chemicals in the water (acid rain/snow)

Watershed: The area of land that drains into one main lake or river.

the highest point on the continent determines which way the water will flow. In North America, the highest point is in the Rockies and it is called the continental divide.

Continental Drainage Systems

The changing lithosphere(crust) affects the continental drainage systems. They are also affected by moving ice. Moving ice or glaciers helped to shape and create the original drainage basins

Glaciers are large bodies of moving ice

If they cover large areas of moving land they are called continental glaciers or ice Capps (Antarctica and Greenland)

In the peaks of mountains, they are called valley glaciers

As glaciers move, they not only gouge out pieces of the crust but deposit them as well

Glacial Features

• Kettle lake- a round lake formed by chunks of ice left behind and melting

• moraines- deposits of rocks and gravel at the edges and ends of glaciers

• drumlins- small tear-drop-shaped hills formed over moraines

• eskers-snake-like structures formed by the deposition of the rocks and gravel as the glacier melts and the water drains away in a tunnel

Water and Climate

climate: The average weather measured over a long period

Water had a high specific heat capacity. Heat is a transfer of thermal energy

The Effect of Large Bodies of Water on Climate

Due to its ability to hold heat, weather can affect climate

near water(large bodies) temperature extremes are less likely to occur.

In drier places (Lethbridge,) the land heats up and cools down quickly

Chinook:

Ocean Currents

Currents occur because of wind, convection, salinity, and earth rotation.

Ocean currents also affect temperature and precipitation.

warm air has more moisture than dry air

Section 1-2 helpful questions!

1. What is meant by the term fresh water?
2. What percent of water on Earth is fresh?
3. How can saltwater be made fresh?
4. What does a water's hardness refer to?
5. Where do waves form?
6. What causes daily tides?
7. What happens in a river's early stage?
8. Where is and what is the Continental Divide?
9. What kind of winds move up the western slopes of the Rockies?
10. How can water be categorized on Earth?
11. What is a reservoir?
12. What does potable mean? 
13. What is the total amount of a body of water's dissolved salts?
14. What does hard water do to the formation of soap bubbles? Formation of scale on plumbing fixtures?
15. Why and where are silt and mud deposited at the river's end?
16. Where would one find ancient moraines?
17. What does respectively mean?
18. What are drumlins and eskers? What do they look like?
19. What processes are involved in distillation? How does it work?
20. Why are watersheds important? How do they affect the growth of human populations?
21. How will/is climate change affecting glaciers? How will this affect watersheds and water flow?
22. How are large waves formed when there is no wind?

3.0 Living things in aquatic environments are affected by many factors.

Diversity- all the various life forms in an environment. Animals plants, bacteria, fungi, diatoms, etc.

Saltwater has a greater diversity of organisms than freshwater

Lake diversity- Lakes have different zones

Lake zones

Upper zone: Area from the shore to where aquatic plants STOP growing. Plants: bulrushes, lilies. Animals: small fish, insects, worms, frogs

Middle zone: Open water area that still has light penetration. Phytoplankton

Lowest or Deepest zone: No light penetration. Food sources are mainly waste from upper zones. Deepwater fish

Ocean Zones

Estuary- where fresh water and salt water mix (brackish water) very diverse ecosystem

1. Intertidal zone: Shoreline of an ocean. Plants and animals have adapted to waves

2.COntinental shelf: Warmer water than the deep ocean, FULL light penetration. Plants as well as many animals because of the nutrient-rich food sources

3. Oceanic (Deep ocean) zone (LOW 02, NO light)

NO plants. Animals feed on waster from upper zones

4. Absysmal zone: Deepwater

Fish adapted to NO light and EXTREME PRESSURE

Adaptations of organisms in Aquatic Environments

Adaptation- and physical or behavioral characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

1. Physical: ex. Fish have swim bladders that help them rise, float, or sink.

2. Behavioral: A fish hides in the reeds to avoid predators

An organism’s ability to adapt increases its survival rate

Five Factors in Aquatic Adaptations

1. Temperature. Ex. Whale blubber. Some fish have “anit-freeze” in their blood

2. Light: Is needed for photosynthesis. Photophores: Light-emitting parts of the body

3. Pressure. At greater depths, there is a greater pressure

4. Salinity Some organisms are adapted to water while others are not

5. Water Movement. Some organisms can handle fast-flowing water and the crushing force of waves. Ex. barnacles

Populations in Fresh and Saltwater

Species- (goose)individuals that resemble each other who can reproduce together and produce viable offspring (offspring can reproduce)

Poulation- (gaggle: group of geese)Members of the species living in a particular area

Community (fowl: group of birds)- different populations living in a common area

CHanges in Population

Populations can increase or decrease based on a variety of factors. (It can also change with a population as well ex. males v. deals)

Three types of changes in the population

1.Seasonal change. Temperature changes, wet/dry season

2. Short-term change. Human activity, extreme weather events. The population recovers from the change

3. Long-term change. Human activity (Chernobyl), extinction, and invasive species can use up resources

Water Quality and Living Things

The quality of the water supply can change when unnatural events or human activities affect what is added or taken from the water

Species have a range of tolerance. Ex. brine shrimp are intolerable to freshwater. They have a minimum and maximum amount of a substance they can put up with

Ex. Acid rain/snow. Caused by the pollution from industrial activities, can lower pH

The fertilizer runs off into a body of water. There is more production of algae on the surface. This is known as algal blooms. They prevent light from reaching below the surface. Plants die because they cannot perform photosynthesis. Organisms soon die as a result of this.