Bio 210_Introduction and Chapter 1

Course Information

• Course Title: Biology 210: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• Schedule: Spring 2025, MW 11:00-12:15 PM, ARTS-201

• Instructor: Reem Khalil, PhD

• Contact: Tel. 06-515-4461 | Email: rkhalil@aus.edu

• Office Hours: MW 8:00-9:30 AM OR by appointment

About the Professor

• Research Focus:

  • Developmental remodeling of cortico-cortical feedback circuits in ferret visual cortex (2014)

  • Postnatal development of visual cortical function in the mammalian brain (2020)

  • Postnatal refinement of interareal feedforward projections in ferret visual cortex (2018)

Required Textbook

• Title: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

• Author: Elaine N. Marieb

• Edition: 12th

Grade Assessment Breakdown

• Exams: 36%

• Quizzes: 15%

• Assignments: 12%

• Group Presentation: 7%

• Final Exam: 30%

Class Schedule Highlights

• Key Recommendations for Student Success:

  1. Read each week's material before class.

  2. Form a study group for collaboration.

  3. Write out questions based on lectures and readings.

  4. Summarize major concepts from readings weekly.

  5. Look up unknown terminology during readings.

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Definition of Key Terms

• Anatomy: Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.

  • Gross Anatomy: Focuses on large, observable structures.

  • Microscopic Anatomy: Structures visible only with microscopes.

• Physiology: Study of how the body and its parts function.

Historical Context

• Anatomy as a science: Dates back to ancient times, including legacies of scientists like Santiago Ramon y Cajal.

Levels of Study in Anatomy

• Organ Systems Overview:

  • Describes different organ systems, their function, and connections within the human body.

Interaction of Body Systems

• Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

  • Dynamic equilibrium essential for overall health and life.

Necessary Life Functions

• Defined as variables to sustain life, including but not limited to:

  • Movement: Both locomotion and internal movement of substances.

  • Responsiveness: Ability to sense and react to changes.

  • Digestion: Breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

  • Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions within the body.

  • Excretion: Removal of waste products.

  • Reproduction: Generation of new cells and organisms.

  • Growth: Increase in cell size and number.

Survival Needs of Organisms

• Nutrients: Essential for energy and cell building—include carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

• Oxygen: Necessary for cellular respiration.

• Water: Major component, making up 60-80% body weight, required for metabolic reactions.

• Stable Body Temperature: Optimal at 37°C (98°F) for physiological processes.

• Atmospheric Pressure: Necessary for efficient gas exchange.

Homeostasis Challenges

• Homeostatic Imbalance: Leads to diseases or disorders.

• Mechanisms to Maintain Homeostasis: Include neural and hormonal control systems.

  • Components:

    • Receptors: Detect changes.

    • Control center: Processes information and determines responses.

    • Effectors: Execute responses.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback: Main control mechanism, reduces the intensity of stimulation.

• Positive Feedback: Augments the original stimulus, occurs in fewer situations like blood clotting and childbirth.

Anatomical Terminology

• Positioning:

  • Standard Body Position: Erect, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms forward.

• Directional Terms: essential for precise anatomical communication:

  • Superior (cranial), Inferior (caudal), Ventral (anterior), Dorsal (posterior), Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal.

Body Plans and Sections

• Planes: Three types of body planes: sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse.

• Body Cavities: Provide protection and house major organs (dorsal and ventral).

• Major Cavities: Includes cranial, spinal, thoracic, and abdominopelvic.

  • Divisions of Abdominopelvic Cavity: Further subdivided into quadrants and regions (e.g., stomach, liver).

Summary of Body Cavities**

• Other cavities include oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities, centralizing anatomy's interconnectedness and significance.