Classic Experiments

• Griffith

  • Independent Variable: Type of Strain

  • Dependent Variable: Health of rat

  • The conclusion of the Griffith experiment was that genetic material could be transferred between different strains of bacteria, leading to the transformation of non-virulent bacteria into virulent ones.

• Avery

  • Independent Variable: Type of protein added (RNase, DNase, proteinase)

  • Dependent Variable: Whether S cells appeared

• Hershey and Chase

  • Independent Variable:

  • Dependent Variable

  • Conclusion:

Classical Genetics: Important Figures

• Chargaff

  • Role/Contributions:

• Franklin

  • Role/Contributions

• Watson and Crick

  • Role/Contributions

Central Dogma —> DNA —> RNA —> Polypeptide/protein

Gene —>

Chromatin —>

Chromosome —>

Genome —>

Structure of a nucleotide:

Purines vs. Pyrimidines

• G/C and A/T are complimentary

• G/C are bonded with 3 h-bonds, A/T with two

• Purines (G/A) have two nitrogenous rings

• Pyrimidines (C/T/U) have one nitrogenous ring

Antiparallel strands:

Double Helix Structure:

• Why is it necessary for DNA to replicate?

• What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative?

DNA Replication

• Helicase - enzyme that splits the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

• SSBs - single strand binding proteins, holds strands apart

• RNA Primase - makes an RNA primer, starting point

• DNA Polymerase III - builds complimentary DNA strand

• Endonuclease - removes primers

• DNA Polymerase I - replaces primers w/DNA, proofreads and fixes any mistakes

• DNA Ligase - connects gaps (links)

Gene Expression

• Three key differences between DNA and RNA

• Transcription:

  • <Where in the cell does it occur?>

  • <Indentify the key enzyme in transcription>

  • Initiation:

  • Elongation:

  • Termination:

• Translation:

  • <Where does it occur?>

  • <Identify starting and end products>

  • <Two key types of RNA>

  • Initiation:

  • Elongation:

  • Termination

Fill in the table below.

Genetic Mutation

• Types of mutation (DNA)

  • Substitution:

  • Insertion:

  • Deletion:

  • Translocation:

  • Inversion:

• Types of mutation (Amino acids/polypeptides)

  • Missense:

  • Nonsense:

  • Frameshift:

  • Silent

Hox Genes

• <Describe how hox genes work>

• <Explain how mutation in hox genes affect gene expression>

CRISPR and Gene Editing:

• <Basic description of how gene editing works>

• <Potential applications of the technology>