Bio Midterm

Page 3: Parts of a Compound Light Microscope

  • Identification and Function: Familiarize with the parts listed on page 23 of the study guide.

    • Eyepiece

    • Objective lenses

    • Stage

    • Light source

    • Focus knobs

Page 6: Bacterial Shapes

  • Classification of bacteria based on morphology:

    • Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria.

    • Cocci: Round-shaped bacteria.

    • Staphylococcus: Clustered cocci.

    • Streptococcus: Chain of cocci.

    • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped bacteria.

Page 5: Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya

  • Eukarya Divisions:

    • Animalia

    • Plantae

    • Fungi

    • Protista

  • Cell Types:

    • Prokaryotic Cells: Smaller, single-loop chromosome.

    • Eukaryotic Cells: Larger, linear chromosomes.

1. Glycolysis

 

 

 

Cytoplasm

 

-        Glucose split into pyruvate

-        Small amount of ATP produced

-        Electron carriers accept e- and H+ to become NADH/FADH2

2. Preparatory reaction

 

 

 

Middle of Mitochondria

 

 

-        Pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA and CO2

-        Electron carriers accept e- and H+ to become NADH/FADH2

3. Citric acid cycle

 

 

 

Matrix of the Mitochondria

 

 

-        Acetyl-CoA completely broken down to CO2

-        Small amount of ATP produced

-        Electron carriers accept e- and H+ to become NADH/FADH2

4. Electron transport chain

 

 

 

Inner membrane of mitochondria

-        The only step that requires O2

-        H2O produced as a byproduct

-        Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and recycled back to NAD+ and FAD

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