Unit 7 - Global Conflict (1900-Present)

Shifting Power After 1900

• Mexico

1. Causes of Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

   1. Porfirio Diaz 

      1. Popular leader with good intentions 

      2. Poor mestizo background

      3. Encouraged stability, foreign investment, “law and order”

   2. Social/Economic Issues

      1. 70% rural land (95% of rural population owned no land)

      2. 800 Mexicans owned 90% of the land 

      3. 84% of population was illiterate 

      4. One doctor for every 5,000 

      5. One of 2 children died before age 1 from whooping cough, malaria, yellow fever

   3. Factors leading to Diaz’s Demise

      1. Wealthy in power, but the rest were poor 

      2. Too much dependence on foreign investments 

      3. U.S. Steel owned 75% of Mexico’s mines (Mexico doesn’t get much iron/profit)

      4. New generation wanted political power

      5. Diaz promised free elections, but never did 

2. The Mexican Revolution

   1. Election of 1910 

      1. Reformer Francisco Madero ran against Diaz 

      2. Madero is jailed and Diaz wins 

   2. Madero calls for revolution 

      1. Emiliano Zapata and “Pancho” Villa began uprising 

      2. Diaz flees to Europe 

      3. Nov. 1911 - Madero is named president 

   3. General Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero in 1913 

   4. Huerta executes Madero, sets off civil war 

   5. Civil war does not end until 1920

3. Results of the Mexican Revolution 

   1. Almost 900,000 Mexicans came to the U.S. between 1910-1920

   2. Destruction: 

      1. Over 1 million deaths 

      2. No major bank or newspaper survived 

      3. Most of economy ruined 

   3. Constitution of 1917:

      1. Land reform and limits on foreign investment 

      2. Church leaders could not hold office, own property 

      3. Minimum wage, maximum hours, pensions, right to unionize, etc.

   4. New Social Consciousness: 

      1. Pride in their own identity - Nationalism 

      2.  “Indigenism” - pride in Native American roots 

      3. Unique art and culture

   5. National Revolutionary Party (PNR, later the PRI) candidates won every election until 2000 

• Ottoman

1. Turkey 

   1. 1918 - Ottoman Empire Collapses 

      1. Most of land designated as British or French mandates

      2. Nationalists needed to create nation-state before Allies broke up Turkey itself

      3. 1923 - Republic of Turkey established 

   2. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1923-1938) 

      1. Westernization 

         1. Replaced Islamic law (Shari’a) 

         2. Adopted European-style law code (based on Swiss model)

         3. Adopted Western dress, alphabet, family names 

         4. Replaced Islamic schools with secular schools (doubled literacy rate)

      2. Women’s Rights 

         1. Women gained right to vote (by 1934) and to work 

         2. Legal equality with men 

         3. Veils no longer required 

         4. Polygamy banned 

      3. Promoted industrial expansion and economic independence 

      4. Ataturk ruled as a dictator (no elections) 

2. Iran (Persia)

   1. 1925 - Reza Khan Pahlavi (military officer) replaced shah (Persia’s hereditary ruler) 

   2. Establishes Pahlavi dynasty 

   3. Reforms 

      1. Westernization - improved education, built railroad network 

      2. Changed name of country from Persia to Iran 

      3. Military buildup

      4. Economic independence 

   4. Oil 

      1. Discovered in Iran in 1908 

      2. Britain controlled oil industry 

      3. Reza Khan used modernizations to win a larger share of oil profits

3. Anti-Western Response 

   1. Resentment 

      1. Secular government

      2. Loss of religious authority 

      3. Foreign customs, rejection of tradition 

   2. Betrayal 

      1. Many Arabs fought with Allies (against Ottomans)

      2. Recruited by men like T.E. Lawrence (promised of United Arab settlement…)

      3. Allies broke promise of independence 

      4. Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) was evidence that the Allies were being dishonest

   3. Mandate System

      1. Britain: Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq

      2. France: Syria, Lebanon

   4. The wait for independence took decades

4. Zionism

   1. 1897 - Movement began by Theodor Herzl

   2. Inspired by Dreyfus Affair (1894)

   3. Goal was to return persecuted European Jews to ancestral home in Palestine 

   4. 1917 - Balfour Declaration - British support for Jewish homeland in Palestine 

   5. Major cause of conflict in the Middle East to this day 

• Failure of Russian Absolutist Rule

1. Czarist Russia 

   1. By 1815, Russia was the largest, most populous nation in Europe

   2. It had immense natural resources

   3. Russia was backward

      1. It was an autocracy (czar had unlimited power)

      2. Over 40 million Russians lived as serfs

2. Alexander I (1801-1825)

   1. Alexander I was open to liberal ideas (eased censorship, promoted education)

   2. After defending Russia from Napoleon, he joined the conservative Congress of Vienna.

3. Nicholas I (1825-1855)

   1. Decembrist Revolt: liberal army officers (learned Western ideas in Napoleonic Wars) demanded a Constitution after Alexander’s death

      1. Nicholas puts down the revolt

      2. Leaders are executed or exiled

   2. Nicholas was very repressive (controlling): censored newspapers, expanded secret police , exiled 150,000 to Siberia

   3. Crimean War (1853-56): Russia fails to gain control of the Turkish straits 

4. Alexander II (1855-1881)

   1. 1861- Emancipation Edict: 

      1. The serfs are free, but they have to pay for their land

      2. Many peasants lived on mirs (villages), and were not free to leave

   2. Zemstvos (local councils) gave people some self-government (road repair, education, etc.)

   3. Alexander reformed the army, modernized courts, gave more rights to women, and helped industry to grow

   4. Alexander II was assassinated in 1881

5. Alexander III (1881-1894)

   1. Alexander III returned to repression (secret police, censorship, etc.)

   2. Russification 

      1. Ethnic minorities (Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, etc.) were forced to speak Russian and convert to the Russian Orthodox religion

      2. Russian Jews were treated the worst

         1. Could not own land and could only live in certain areas (ghettos)

         2. Pogroms (violent attacks on Jewish communities)

         3. Hundreds of thousands of Jews fled Russia (many to the U.S.)

6. Nicholas II (1894-1918)

   1. With finance minister Sergei Witte, Nicholas modernizes

      1. Western Europe invests in Russian business

      2. Trans-Siberian Railroad: links Russia from west to east

   2. 1904- The Russo-Japanese War: an embarrassing defeat for Russia

   3. Revolution of 1905

      1. A group of workers came to the czar’s palace to ask for reforms

      2. The soldiers fired at the crowd, killing 1000 workers (“Bloody Sunday”)

      3. Riots broke out all over Russia

   4. October Manifesto: Nicholas promised reforms

      1. He created a Duma (National assembly) which the people would elect

      2. He agreed to help the peasants get more land

• Russian Revolution

1. Causes 

   1. World War One

      1. Poor leadership and weaponry led to huge Russian loses

      2. Shortage of food and supply due to soldiers

   2. Nicholas went to lead his troops, leading wife in charge

      1. Russians saw this as a betrayal as his wife was a German

   3. Grigory Rasputin

      1. Had great influence on royal family, murdered Dec 1916

2. The March Revolution

   1. Riots in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

      1. Hungry mob called for “bread and peace”

      2. Russian soldiers soon joined the mob

   2. The Duma formed a provisional (temporary) government and began writing a Russian constitution

   3. Nicholas II was forced to abdicate/resign

3. Provisional Government

   1. Led by Alexander Kerensky

   2. Disbanded secret police, expanded freedoms, ended discrimination

   3. Refused to end war

4. Marx v. Lenin

   1. Marx believed communism was a result of capitalism, and needed a rise of proletariat

   2. Lenin believed that Czarist Russia was “weak link” in capitalism, and other nations would follow

5. The November Revolution

   1. War continued to go badly, gov’t lost support of the people

   2. The Bolsheviks (“majority”) led by Lenin took over gov’t

   3. Lenin created “dictatorship of the proletariat” to lead revolution

   4. Made permanent during reign of communism

   5. Promised “peace, bread, land: to the people

   6. March 1918 : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk

      1. Russia gave up ¼ land to Germany to end war

      2. Peace and withdrawal was declared

• Republic Of China

1. Nationalist Revolution

   1. Led by Sun Yatsen (founder of the Kuomintang - Nationalist)

   2. Overthrew Qing Dynasty (thought reforms were too slow?) 

   3. Established Chinese Republic 

   4. Sun was its first president

2. Chinese Republic (1911-1916) 

   1. Sun Yatsen stepped down in 1912 (after only one year) 

      1. Three Principles of the People at Sun Yatsen’s Revolution: Nationalism, Democracy, Livelihood

   2. General Yuan Shikai held power until his death in 1916 

   3. The General ruled as a dictator

3. May 4th Movement 

   1. Movement began in response to the Treaty of Versailles

      1. The treaty took away Germany’s colonies, including the Shandong Peninsula in China

      2. Instead of returning the land to China, it was given to Japan

   2. Large student uprising began on May 4th, 1919, in Beijing

   3. Japan remained in control of Shandong until 1922

   4. The New Culture Movement

      1. Promoted the use of vernacular Chinese (language of the common people)

      2. Led to increased literacy and spread of ideas 

      3. Movement inspired rise of the Chinese Communist Party (rejection of capitalism and the West)

4. The Warlords Rule (1916-28) 

   1. Military leaders take control over most Chinese provinces 

   2. China had no central government

• Latin America

1. Independence and Dependence 

   1. By 20th century, almost all of Latin America was politically independent 

   2. Economic Dependence 

      1. Most nations concentrated on one or two exports (mostly agricultural)

      2. Imported manufactured goods from Europe and U.S. 

      3. U.S. replaced Europe as prime investors after WWI 

2. Standard Oil Company 

   1. Controlled a combination of extraction, refining, transportation or sale

   2. Expanded into South America, Central America and the Caribbean 

   3. Standard Oil is ExxonMobil today 

3. United Fruit Company 

   1. Established banana and sugar plantations

   2. Owned 42% of the entire country of Guatemala and paid not one cent in tax on any of it

   3. Controlled the transportation (through International Railways of Central America) 

   4. Started the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company in 1913 

   5. 1928 - Banana Massacre - as many as 1,000 strikers killed by Colombian army (sent by UFCO) 

   6. 1954 - UFCO convinced U.S. to overthrow the democratically-elected president of Guatemala 

4. Direct American Intervention 

   1. US Imperialism 

      1. US wins Spanish-American War (1898)

      2. US gains control of Cuba and Puerto Rico

   2. Panama Canal 

      1. 1903 - Panama declares independence from Colombia (helped by 12 US battleships) 

      2. Panama leases canal zone to US 

      3. 1904-1914 - Construction of canal

   3. US often supported dictators to protect economic interests 

   4. US intervenes to protect investments 

      1. 1909-1933 - Occupation of NIcaragua 

      2. 1915-1934 - US marines in Haiti 

      3. 1916-1924 - Occupation of DR 

   5. Good Neighbor Policy (1935) - President Franklin Roosevelt rejects use of military force in Latin America

5. Authoritarian Dictators 

   1. Juan Peron (Argentina)

      1. President from 1946-52, 1952-55, 1973-74 

      2. Very popular among the workers 

      3. Used violence against political opponents 

      4. Overthrown by army in 1955

   2. Getulio Vargas (Brazil)

      1. President from 1930-45, 1951-54

      2. Claimed to support the common people 

      3. Outlawed opposition parties 

      4. Constitution based on Fascist system

Causes of World War I

1. Underlying Causes of WWI (M.A.N.I.A.C) 

   1. Alliances

      1. 1882 - Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy promised to protect one another if attacked 

      2. 1907 - Triple Entente (Allied Powers) - Britain, Russia, France promised to protect one another (in the same logic) 

   2. Militarism 

      1. Major powers began to prepare for war 

      2. Competition and fear forced European powers to build up their armies 

   3. Colonialism/Imperialism intensified rivalries between European powers

   4. Nationalism united different groups against each other

      1. France wanted revenge on Germany (for Franco-Prussian War) 

      2. Serbia wanted to free its people from the Austrian Empire (to create “Greater Serbia”) 

   5. International Anarchy - there was no system for peacefully settling disputes between nations (no U.N. , no League of Nations) 

2. The “Spark” (immediate causes) 

   1. 6/28/1914 - Gavrilo Princip (Serb assassin) killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife 

   2. Austria’s Ultimatum 

      1. Serbia must end all anti-Austrian activity 

      2. Austria must handle murder investigation 

   3. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia 

   4. Russia (who had secretly promised to protect Serbia) declared war on Austria

   5. Six weeks later - Germany, Italy, France, Britain had declared war 

3. Was War Obsolete? 

   1. By the 20th century, nations would lose more than they could gain

      1. Human and financial costs were greater than ever

      2. Very expensive disruption to global trade

   2. Recent wars were between great powers versus lesser powers 

   3. Despite this, Europe entered a 30 period of war, revolution, and chaos. 

Conducting World War I

1. Trench Warfare 

   1. The Machine Gun 

      1. Rapid fire weapons forced soldiers underground 

      2. Increased casualties (deaths + injuries) 

      3. Fired 600 bullets per minute 

      4. Decreased movement of ground force s

   2. Poison Gas

      1. Poison gas grenades (ex: mustard gas)

      2. Gas would choke or blind victims (did not kill victims - only incapacitated them)

      3. Gas grenades and masks invented in Germany 

   3. The Tank

      1. Provided defense from machine guns + gas

      2. Moved very slowly (3 mph)

      3. Initially a British invention

   4. Impact of Trench Warfare

      1. Increased casualty rates (British lost 60,000 on a single day at the Battle of Somme 

      2. Decreased movement (“slowed” the war) 

      3. Horrible Environment Impact (ex: land mines) 

      4. Imperial powers began using colonies to find people to fight (fought in hope of gaining independence)

      5. Psychological impact (ex: “shell shock” or PTSD) 

2. Air & Sea Warfare

   1. Submarines

      1. First developed in Germany (“U-Boat”)

      2. To combat superior British surface fleet 

      3. Ships traveled in convoys as defense against submarines (multiple boats vs. one submarine)

   2. Airplanes

      1. Initially an American invention (the Wright Brothers)

      2. Not very common in WWI (very few planes)

      3. Participated in famous, but rare “dogfights” 

   3. Zeppelin

      1. German airships or blimps

      2. Used to bomb enemy cities 

      3. 1915-1916: Over 40 zeppelins, killing almost 500 British

3. Total Warfare

   1. Each nation used entirety of its resources to achieve victory 

   2. “War of Attrition” - fight continues until one side wears out the other 

   3. Civilian (non-military) targets became part of the strategy of “total” war (cut off production of resources) 

   4. Conscription (drafting soldiers) of male population, motivated through propaganda campaigns (strong nationalism)

4. The Final Cost

   1. Human life

      1. Army deaths = 8 million

      2. Civilian deaths = 8 million 

      3. Wounded = 21 million (6 million “permanent human wrecks”) 

   2. Property: Over $56 Billion in damages 

   3. Money Spent By Gov: $200 Billion

• Ending WWI

1. The Fourteen Points 

   1. President Woodrow Wilson suggested a plan for “peace without victory”

   2. Wilson presented a plan to prevent another world war 

   3. Main components

      1. No secret treaties 

      2. Freedom of navigation

      3. Reduction of armaments 

      4. Establishment of the League of Nations 

   4. Self-Determination (Independence) 

      1. Belgium restored to independence 

      2. Austria-Hungary split up (with all of the different national minorities) 

      3. Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia created (Russia, Germany, & Austria-Hungary lost territory 

2. Treaty of Versailles 

   1. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and its allies

      1. “War-Guilt Clause” - Germany accepts full responsibility for WWI

      2. Germany was forced to pay reparations (payment for damages) for the total cost of the war (over $33 billion) 

      3. Demilitarization: Germany army was reduced to 100,000 men 

      4. Alsace and Lorraine returned to France (took land from Germany) 

      5. Germany gives up all colonial possessions (to Britain, France, Japan) 

   2. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919

3. “Losing” the Peace

   1. Approval of treaty required ⅔ vote in the U.S. Senate

   2. Wilson tried to appeal to the American people (Americans thought the treaty was too harsh on Germany) 

      1. September 1919 - Wilson Starts an 8,000 mile tour, making 34 speeches in 22 days 

      2. October 1919 - Wilson suffers a stroke

   3. The U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles or joined the League of Nations (rendering it powerless) 

   4. June 1921 - Joint revolution ending WWI (officially for the U.S. government)

Economy in the Interwar Period

• Colonial states’ economies also weakened as they relied on their parent country

• Germany

1. Occupation of the Ruhr

   1. Germany owed $33 billion in reparations (paid in regular increments) 

   2. 1923 - Germany stops payments 

   3. France sends force to Ruhr Valley (industrial heartland) 

   4. France begins taking payments in coal and iron 

   5. German miners refused to work

   6. German gov. prints more money (marks) in hopes of paying off debt faster 

2. Hyperinflation

   1. German marks falls to a tiny fraction of its value (printed up to a Five Trillion Mark) 

   2. German savings become worthless 

   3. Factories distribute pay twice each day 

      1. U.S. offers financial assistance (Dawes Plan, 1925)

         1. If Germany recovered to pay back France and Britain, they could pay the US

      2. U.S. lends $200 million to Germany 

      3. Total reparations are reduced 

      4. Leads to brief period of prosperity in Germany and Europe (1925-1929) 

• Soviet Union

  • Did not pay reparations as they had a Communist Revolution

  • Involvement in war devastated economy, and Russia withdrew from WWI early

  • After Vladamir Lenin took over, implemented a new economic system

    • Instituted in 1923

    • Introduced limited free market principles

    • Biggest institutions remained under government control

    • Needed to complete communist revolution

  • After death of Lenin, Stalin implemented many 5 year plans to boost production of Russia

    • All farmers were ordered to pool their land and animals into collective farms

    • Collective farms would increase food production by introducing more machines 

    • It freed farmers for factory labor

    • Kulaks 

      • The kulaks (wealthy farmers) did not want to lose their farms 

      • Stalin had thousands of kulaks executed or sent to Siberia (very cold) 

      • Resulted in a famine (1932-33) that killed 10 million Russians

      • Peasants that were left did not have the skills to produce as much

      • Famines most affected those in Ukraine, killing 6 million (holodomor)

• Great Britain 

1. Unemployment - 2 million by 1921 (after WWI) 

2. Labor Unrest (many were not given better treatment even after WWI) 

   1. 1926 - Coal Miners’ Strike 

   2. All other unions join coal miners in a General Strike (lasted 10 days) 

   3. Soldiers and nonunion workers fill in for vital services, avoiding a complete shutdown (during General Strike) 

• France

1. Physical Damage 

   1. 10 million acres of farmland unusable (gas, explosion, trenches, etc.) 

   2. 300,000 homes and 20,000 factories destroyed 

   3. Reconstruction helped eliminate unemployment problems 

• The Great Depression

  • Stock Market Crash of 1929

    • Led to inability to keep funding other countries economies, leading to a widespread effect of Great Depression

    • Occurred under FDR, who began the New Deal

      • Gov’t put people to work on infrastructure projects

      • Introduced gov’t sponsored retirement program (social security)

      • Created gov’t medical insurance for elderly and children

Unresolved Tensions After World War I

• Mandate System

  • Europeans and Japanese maintained colonial holdings in interwar period, while some even gained territory 

  • Many colonial territories were swapped from one imperial power to another

    • At Paris Peace talks, powers decided to split up German and Ottoman empires and divide them as spoils of war

    • Woodrow Wilson insisted that self-determination was the guiding principle of a post war world (disagree by French and British)

    • Led to creation of Mandate System, Middle Eastern territories would become mandates administered by League of Nations

      • Had a 3 tiered system to classify these territories

1. Class C Mandates

   1. Smallest population, treated as colonies

   2. Islands in the Pacific, taken mostly by British and Japanese

2. Class B Mandates

   1. Larger population, still underdeveloped

   2. Ruled by victorious countries (“not ready for self-determination”)

   3. Most of Germany’s colonies in Africa

3. Class A Mandates

   1. Large populations, sufficiently developed

   2. Suitable for independence and self-rule

• British occupy Israel and Iraq, French take Lebanon and Syria, treating both as colonies

• Led to resistance

• Japanese Expansion

1. Post WWI Japan

   1. Strong Economy

      1. Factory output was 12x what it was 20 years ago

      2. Trade tripled from 1913-29

      3. Tokyo rebuilt into modern city after 1923 earthquake

   2. Growth of Democracy

      1. Emperor Taisho (1912-26), son of Meiji, allowed for multiple parties

      2. Suffrage for all males over 25, expanding electorate from 3 to 12 million

      3. Reduced size of army and the navy

2. Great Depression (1929)

   1. US and China place tariffs on Japanese products, dropping exports by 50%

   2. Unemployment rises, causing a decrease in consumer spending

3. Japanese Militarism 

   1. Growing influence of the army

      1. Begins under Emperor Hirohito (1926-89)

      2. Army forced 2 prime ministers to resign (1927,28)

      3. 1932 - Assassination of prime minister, followed by a failed military coup

   2. Japan becomes a military dictatorship

      1. Emperor only acts as a figurehead

      2. Gov’t controlled by General Hideki Tojo

   3. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

      1. To create a self-sufficient Japan, became in control of East Asia and its resources

      2. Was said to “free” Asia from Western influence

   4. Manchuria

      1. Invaded in 1931, to which China appeals to League of Nations

      2. Due to low influence of League of Nations, Japan withdraws and continues

   5. China

      1. Japan invaded in 1937

      2. “Rape of Nanjing” - 300000 Chinese are killed in 6 week

• Anti-Imperialist Resistance

  • India

1. Amritsar Massacre

   1. 1919 - British prohibit public meetings in India 

   2. The Indians disobey by gathering 10,000 people (to celebrate a Hindu festival) 

   3. British soldiers fired at the crowd, killing 379 and wounding over one thousand

   4. Turned public opinion against Britain

2. Mohandas Gandhi

   1. A nationalist leader who wanted to fight the British with nonviolence

   2. He taught his followers civil disobedience (the refusal to obey unfair laws)

   3. By disobeying a law and accepting the punishment, the whole world would see the British were wrong 

   4. Gandhi called his method of nonviolence the “truth force”, or “satyagraha”

   5. Enthusiasm for nonviolence decreased from 1922-1924 (when Gandhi was in prison) 

   6. 1920s - Constructive Program - movement to only use homespun cloth (British had only promoted its own goods in India) 

3. The Salt March (1930)

   1. Britain passed a law that made it illegal for Indians to make salt (from sea water)

   2. Indians were only allowed to buy salt from the British 

   3. Gandhi and thousands of Indians marched 200 miles to the sea to make salt

   4. The British arrested Gandhi and 50,000 others 

   5. The world saw how unfairly the British were treating the Indians (helped spread by the movie camera)

4. Indian Independence Act (1947)

   1. Ended British rule in India 

   2. Also included a plan to partition (divide) India into two nations 

      1. India had a Hindu majority 

      2. Pakistan had a Muslim majority 

• Africa

  • Creation of African National Congress

    • Founded in South Africa by western-educated lawyers and journalists

    • Dedicated itself to obtaining equal rights for colonial subjects in South Africa

    • Influenced by Pan-Africanism, unity of all black people around the world

    • Would not be fully successful until end of WW2

Causes of World War II

• Cause #1: Unsustainable Peace

1. Italy

   1. Bitter as they did not receive promised land grants from when Italy switched sides

2. Germany

   1. Required outlandish reparations that ruined economy

   2. Forced demilitarization, making them more vulnerable to other countries

   3. War guilt clause: Germany takes blame for the entire war

• Cause #2: Continued Imperialism

1. Japan’s expansion into the Pacific

2. Italy expanding in Ethiopia and other parts of Africa

3. German expansion taken from them in Treaty of Versailles

   1. Took Rhineland, “buffer zone” between France and Germany

   2. Took Czechoslovakia (Munich Conference) and Austria (Anschluss) for “lebensraum” 

   3. Allowed Germany to take over land with policy of appeasement

• Cause #3: Economic Crisis

  • Many populations were unemployed and hungry

  • Many swept away by authoritarian governments lying, stating everything would be better

• Cause #4: Fascism/Totalitarianism

1. Soviet Union

2. Italy

   1. Rise of Mussolini

      1. Fascism

         • Begun by Mussolini

         • Anti-Communist

           1. Believed in basic inequality of men

           2. Opposed working class unity, supported nationalism and against equality

         • Anti-Democratic

           1. Majority rule and individual freedom is pointless and inefficient

      2. Spread of Fascism

         • Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Brazil + Argentina

      3. Supporters

         • Businessmen, landowners, soldiers who wanted to end strikes

         • Upper and middle classes feared communism, and soldiers and veterans supported revival of Italian glory

      4. March on Rome - 1922

         • Mussolini led the “Black Shirts” to stop a (rumored) Communist revolution

         • King named Mussolini prime minister after seeing crowd arrive

   2. The Fascist State

      1. Mussolini’s totalitarian state

         • All other parties outlawed, media censored, labor unions outlawed

         • The OVRA

           1. Organization for Vigilance and Repression against Anti-Fascism

           2. Mussolini’s secret police, led to execution of 10 people

      2. Family Life

         • Children wore black uniforms to school, single men were taxed more heavily

         • Women were barred from most carers to promote more childbearing

      3. The Corporative System

         • Employers and workers in each industry joined “corporations”

         • Corporation would set wagers and prices, forbidding strikes

      4. “Battle of Wheat” - land reclamation project

   3. The Fascist Empire

      1. New “Roman Empire”

         • 1935-36 - Invasion of Ethiopia 

           1. 2000 Italians killed

           2. 275000 Ethiopeans killed

         • 1939 - Invasion of Albania

      2. The End of Mussolini

         • 1940 -Italy joins WWII on side of Germany

         • 1943 - Allied invasion of Italy

         • 1945 - Italian resistance fighters kill and hang Mussolini

3. Germany

   1. The Weimar Republic (1919-33)

      1. Democratic gov’t replaced old monarchy

      2. Blamed for post war problems in Germany

         • Agreed to Treaty of Versailles

         • Hyperinflation + Great Depression

         • 6 million + unemployed by 1932

      3. Beer Hall Putsch

         • Hitler and his followers attempt to overthrow the Weimar

         • Overthrow fails

   2. Hitler’s Rise to Power

      1. Nazi party grows in political power

      2. 1933 - Hitler appointed chancellor, given full control after Reichstag fire with Enabling Act

   3. Racial Policy

      1. “Mein Kampf” - Hitler’s memoir, stating his beliefs

         • Germans/Aryans were master race, Jews were inferior and would destroy y

         • Jews were scapegoats, and Germans needed lebensraum