art just

Indigenous Americas: Mesoamerica and South America

Chavin de Huantar (Peru) - c. 900-200 BCE

• Architectural Complex: Granite structure; significant site for the Andean culture.

• Temple Design: U-shaped with no windows; important elements underground.

• Interior Structure: Narrow passageways and small chambers for sacred ceremonies.

• Sculptural Features: Combines feline, bird, reptile, and human forms; styles include linear incision.

• Lanzon Sculpture: Central sculpture displays a supreme deity with a feline head and human body.

• Raimondi Stele: Intricate linear designs, decipherable only by high priests.

Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings - Anasazi Culture (c. 450-1300 CE)

• Location and Purpose: Architectural complex with 800 rooms, designed to catch sunlight for heating.

• Construction Materials: Stone and timber with adobe bricks.

• Terraced Structure: Multiple stories with layers set back from lower levels; dwellings carved into cliffs.

• Kivas: Circular structures for male-centered rituals.

Yaxchilan (Chiapas, Mexico) - Mayan Culture (c. 700 CE)

• Historical Context: Built during the reign of a ruler linked to the Bird Jaguar.

• Architectural Significance: Above a river, crucial for trade; known for sculptured lentils and stelae.

• Blood-letting Ritual Depiction: Scene shows king and his wife involved in a bloodletting ceremony, symbolizing connection with ancestral spirits.

Great Serpent Mound - Mississippian Culture (c. 1070 CE)

• Structure Type: Earthwork in effigy of a serpent; monumental ceremonial site.

• Symbolism: Snake forms often associated with fertility; possibly represents Halley's Comet.

Aztec Culture

Tenochtitlan - Temolo Mayor (Main Temple) (c. 1375-1520 CE)

• Cultural Context: Aztecs known for dual aspects of civilization—savage in war, cruel in peace.

• Architectural Style: Superimposition approach; multiple structural shells.

• Deity Depictions: Includes Coyolxauhqui Stone (depicting dismembered moon goddess) and Calendar Stone.

Ruler's Feather Headdress (c. 1428-1520 CE)

• Material: Made from feathers and gold; symbol of status.

• Cultural Significance: Represents divine connections and the power of feathered deities.

Incan Architecture

City of Cusco - c. 1440 CE

• Empire Significance: Established extensive empire rivaling Roman organization;

• Record Keeping: No written records; used quipu for documentation.

• Architectural Alignment: Built to reflect surrounding geography;

Machu Picchu (c. 1450-1540 CE)

• Location: High altitude architecture, well-suited to its mountainous setting.

• Construction Features: Stones mirror mountains; built for astronomical tracking.

A LL-T'ogapu Tunic (c. 1450-1540 CE)

• Material and Design: Made of camel fiber, signifying power and elite status.

North American Indigenous Cultures

Bandolier Bag - Delaware Tribe Culture (c. 1850 CE)

• Design Influences: Beadwork on leather; symbolizes status and identity.

• Cultural Exchange: Reflects European trade impacts.

Transformation Mask - Kwakwaka'wakw (Late 19th Century)

• Cultural Context: Used in rituals; symbolizes the duality of existence (eagle-human).

Painted Elk Hide - Eastern Shoshone (c. 1890-1900 CE)

• Artistic Tradition: Reflects narratives about the Sun Dance and daily life; sacred buffalo themes.

Black on Black Ceramic Vessel - Pueblo Culture (c. 1920-50)

• Artist: Maria Martinez; integrates natural forces in design; represents community heritage through signatures.

African Art Context

Great Zimbabwe - Shona Culture (c. 1000-1400 CE)

• Architectural Achievement: Known for sophisticated stone masonry; political significance.

Great Mosque of Djenne (Mali) - c. 1200 CE

• Architectural Details: Adobe structure; important for ceremonies and trade links.

Wall Plaque from Oba's Palace (Benin, Nigeria) - c. 1550 CE

• Material: Brass; depicts royal power and historical trade interactions.

Ndop (Portrait Figure) of King Mishe ma Mbul (c. 1760-1780 CE)

• Cultural Significance: Represents chieftainship and idealization of leadership.

Power Figure (Nkisi n'kondi) - Congo Culture (c. 1880s CE)

• Symbolism: Represents community authority, dispute resolution, and spiritual significance.

Female Mask (Pwo Mask) - Chokwe Culture (c. 1900 CE)

• Cultural Role: Represents ideals of beauty and fertility; used in dances celebrating women.

Banda Mask - Sande Culture (c. 1910 CE)

• Cultural Expression: Worn by women during important ceremonies; represents social values and ideals.